{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T04:08:52Z","timestamp":1788754132886,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":151,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RG92770"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG92770"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018336","name":"National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HPRU in Evaluation and Interventions at the Univer"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HPRU in Evaluation and Interventions at the Univer"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018336","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018336","name":"National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HPRU in Immunisation at the London School of Hygie"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HPRU in Immunisation at the London School of Hygie"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018336","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:p>Country-wide social distancing and suspension of non-emergency medical care due to the COVID-19 pandemic will undoubtedly have affected public health in multiple ways. While non-pharmaceutical interventions are expected to reduce the transmission of several infectious diseases, severe disruptions to healthcare systems have hampered diagnosis, treatment, and routine vaccination. We examined the effect of this disruption on meningococcal disease and vaccination in the UK. By adapting an existing mathematical model for meningococcal carriage, we addressed the following questions: What is the predicted impact of the existing MenACWY adolescent vaccination programme? What effect might social distancing and reduced vaccine uptake both have on future epidemiology? Will catch-up vaccination campaigns be necessary? Our model indicated that the MenACWY vaccine programme was generating substantial indirect protection and suppressing transmission by 2020. COVID-19 social distancing is expected to have accelerated this decline, causing significant long-lasting reductions in both carriage prevalence of meningococcal A\/C\/W\/Y strains and incidence of invasive meningococcal disease. In all scenarios modelled, pandemic social mixing effects outweighed potential reductions in vaccine uptake, causing an overall decline in carriage prevalence from 2020 for at least 5\u00a0years. Model outputs show strong consistency with recently published case data for England.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268823000870","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T08:17:35Z","timestamp":1685607455000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Modelling the impact of COVID-19 and routine MenACWY vaccination on meningococcal carriage and disease in the UK"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"151","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1288-5080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liza","family":"Hadley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andromachi","family":"Karachaliou Prasinou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Christensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Ramsay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Trotter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268823000870_r16","unstructured":"[16] Cabinet Office (2021) COVID-19 Response - Spring 2021. Available at https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/covid-19-response-spring-2021\/covid-19-response-spring-2021#roadmap."},{"key":"S0950268823000870_r19","unstructured":"[19] Public Health England (2015) MenACWY vaccine introduction. Available at https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/menacwy-vaccine-introduction (accessed 15 August 2021)."},{"key":"S0950268823000870_r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2021.1995657"},{"key":"S0950268823000870_r25","unstructured":"[25] Public Health England (2015) Invasive meningococcal disease (laboratory reports in England): 2014\/2015 annual data by epidemiological year. Available at https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/meningococcal-disease-laboratory-confirmed-cases-in-england-and-wales (accessed 15 August 2021)."},{"key":"S0950268823000870_r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwi160"},{"key":"S0950268823000870_r18","unstructured":"[18] Office for National Statistics (2021) Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: 6 August 2021. Available at https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/releases\/coronavirusandthesocialimpactsongreatbritain6august2021 (accessed 15 August 2021)."},{"key":"S0950268823000870_r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12089"},{"key":"S0950268823000870_r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70251-6"},{"key":"S0950268823000870_r23","unstructured":"[23] CDC (2019) Meningococcal Disease: Prevention. Available at https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/meningococcal\/about\/prevention.html (accessed 15 August 2021)."},{"key":"S0950268823000870_r1","unstructured":"[1] Oxford Vaccine Group (2018) Meningococcal disease. Available at https:\/\/vk.ovg.ox.ac.uk\/vk\/meningococcal-disease (accessed 15 August 2021)."},{"key":"S0950268823000870_r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-050651"},{"key":"S0950268823000870_r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(21)00335-7"},{"key":"S0950268823000870_r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.51463"},{"key":"S0950268823000870_r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.03.034"},{"key":"S0950268823000870_r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01597-8"},{"key":"S0950268823000870_r33","unstructured":"[33] UK Health Security Agency (2022) Invasive meningococcal disease in England: annual laboratory confirmed reports for epidemiological year 2020 to 2021 (Health Protection Report Vol. 16)."},{"key":"S0950268823000870_r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001432-200406000-00003"},{"key":"S0950268823000870_r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-020-05241-9"},{"key":"S0950268823000870_r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(21)00077-7"},{"key":"S0950268823000870_r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g5725"},{"key":"S0950268823000870_r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2013182117"},{"key":"S0950268823000870_r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2020-237366"},{"key":"S0950268823000870_r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu881"},{"key":"S0950268823000870_r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30842-2"},{"key":"S0950268823000870_r7","unstructured":"[7] Vaccine Knowledge Project (2020). MenC Vaccine (Meningococcal C Vaccine). Available at https:\/\/vk.ovg.ox.ac.uk\/vk\/menc-vaccine (accessed 15 August 2021)."},{"key":"S0950268823000870_r20","unstructured":"[20] Public Health England (2021) Invasive meningococcal disease in England: Annual report for 2019 to 2020 supplementary data tables. Available at https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/meningococcal-disease-laboratory-confirmed-cases-in-england-in-2019-to-2020 (accessed 15 August 2021)."},{"key":"S0950268823000870_r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(00)00356-7"},{"key":"S0950268823000870_r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050074"},{"key":"S0950268823000870_r17","unstructured":"[17] Public Health England (2021) Meningococcal ACWY (MenACWY) vaccine coverage for the NHS adolescent vaccine programme in England, academic year 2019 to 2020 (Health Protection Report Vol. 15)."},{"key":"S0950268823000870_r22","unstructured":"[22] NHS Digital (2022) Childhood Vaccination Coverage Statistics \u2013 England, 2021-22. Data Tables 1 and 2. Available at https:\/\/digital.nhs.uk\/data-and-information\/publications\/statistical\/nhs-immunisation-statistics\/2021-22\/6in-1-vaccine#menb-vaccine-and-booster (accessed 1 October 2022)."},{"key":"S0950268823000870_r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.04.061"},{"key":"S0950268823000870_r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003907"},{"key":"S0950268823000870_r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.07.004"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1017\/s095026882300105x","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000}}],"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268823000870","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]],"date-time":"2023-07-11T05:38:37Z","timestamp":1689053917000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268823000870\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["S0950268823000870"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268823000870","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1017\/S095026882300105X","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e98"}}