{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T20:45:46Z","timestamp":1786999546700,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]],"date-time":"2024-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705536000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Little information exists concerning the spatial relationship between invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) cases and\n                    <jats:italic>Neisseria meningitidis (N. meningitidis)<\/jats:italic>\n                    carriage. The aim of this study was to examine whether there is a relationship between IMD and asymptomatic oropharyngeal carriage of meningococci by spatial analysis to identify the distribution and patterns of cases and carriage in South Australia (SA). Carriage data geocoded to participants\u2019 residential addresses and meningococcal case notifications using Postal Area (POA) centroids were used to analyse spatial distribution by disease- and non-disease-associated genogroups, as well as overall from 2017 to 2020. The majority of IMD cases were genogroup B with the overall highest incidence of cases reported in infants, young children, and adolescents. We found no clear spatial association between\n                    <jats:italic>N. meningitidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    carriage and IMD cases. However, analyses using carriage and case genogroups showed differences in the spatial distribution between metropolitan and regional areas. Regional areas had a higher rate of IMD cases and carriage prevalence. While no clear relationship between cases and carriage was evident in the spatial analysis, the higher rates of both carriage and disease in regional areas highlight the need to maintain high vaccine coverage outside of the well-resourced metropolitan area.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268824000116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]],"date-time":"2024-01-24T21:50:12Z","timestamp":1706133012000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Geographical distribution of invasive meningococcal disease and carriage: A spatial analysis"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"152","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3414-6625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana","family":"Milazzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"McMillan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynne","family":"Giles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kira","family":"Page","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Flood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"#cr-split#-S0950268824000116_r28.1","unstructured":"[28] ABS. 1270.0.55.001 (2011) Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS): Volume 1. Main Structure and Greater Capital City Statistical Areas, July 2011. Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0950268824000116_r28.2","unstructured":"[cited 2022 21\/7\/2022]. Available from: https:\/\/data.gov.au\/data\/dataset\/8b65c3a4-7010-4a79-8eaa-5621b750347f."},{"key":"S0950268824000116_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.103571","article-title":"Global estimate of Neisseria meningitidis serogroups proportion in invasive meningococcal disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"134","author":"Purmohamad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbial Pathogenesis"},{"key":"S0950268824000116_r19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2008.05.1223","article-title":"Meningococcal meningitis in Mali: A long-term study of persistence and spread","volume":"13","author":"Philippon","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"S0950268824000116_r33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2022.2003708","article-title":"4CMenB vaccine and its role in preventing transmission and inducing herd immunity","volume":"21","author":"McMillan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Review of Vaccines"},{"key":"S0950268824000116_r38","unstructured":"[38] ABS. 2071.0 (2019) Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia \u2013 Stories from the Census, 2016. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Population \u2013 South Australia, Australian Bureau of Statistics; [cited 8\/11\/2022]. Available from: https:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/ausstats\/abs@.nsf\/Lookup\/by%20Subject\/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Aboriginal%20and%20Torres%20Strait%20Islander%20Population%20-%20South%20Australia~10004."},{"key":"S0950268824000116_r22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2899","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002899","article-title":"Spatio-temporal factors associated with meningococcal meningitis annual incidence at the health centre level in Niger, 2004\u20132010","volume":"8","author":"Paireau","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"S0950268824000116_r6","first-page":"E116","article-title":"Epidemiology of Neisseria meningitidis infections: Case distribution by age and relevance of carriage","volume":"56","author":"Gabutti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"S0950268824000116_r37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-020-03658-9","article-title":"Risk factors for meningococcal disease in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"179","author":"Spyromitrou-Xioufi","year":"2020","journal-title":"European Journal of Pediatrics"},{"key":"S0950268824000116_r30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.07.025","article-title":"Meningococcal disease surveillance in the Asia-Pacific region (2020): The global meningococcal initiative","volume":"81","author":"Aye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Infection"},{"key":"S0950268824000116_r29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/26.4.404","article-title":"The use of the confidence or fiducial limits illustrated in the case of the binomial","volume":"26","author":"Clopper","year":"1934","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"S0950268824000116_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e57","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268823000328","article-title":"Epidemiology of invasive meningococcal disease worldwide from 2010\u20132019: A literature review","volume":"151","author":"de Santayana","year":"2023","journal-title":"Epidemiology and Infection"},{"key":"S0950268824000116_r14","first-page":"0535","article-title":"Clonal waves of Neisseria colonisation and disease in the Africa Meningitis Belt: Eight year longitudinal study in Northern Ghana","volume":"4","author":"Leimkugel","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Medicine"},{"key":"S0950268824000116_r24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab444","article-title":"B part of it school leaver study: A repeat cross-sectional study to assess the impact of increasing coverage with meningococcal B (4CMenB) vaccine on carriage of Neisseria meningitidis","volume":"225","author":"McMillan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"S0950268824000116_r3","article-title":"Australian meningococcal surveillance programme annual report, 2019","volume":"44","author":"Lahra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Communicable Diseases Intelligence"},{"key":"S0950268824000116_r7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e024343","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-024343","article-title":"Serogroup-specific meningococcal carriage by age group: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Peterson","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"S0950268824000116_r18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268809002428","article-title":"Mortality and spatial distribution of meningococcal disease, 1974\u20132007","volume":"137","author":"Howitz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiology and Infection"},{"key":"S0950268824000116_r15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e228","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268819001134","article-title":"Meningococcal carriage by age in the African meningitis belt: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"147","author":"Cooper","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epidemiology and Infection"},{"key":"S0950268824000116_r17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1211.060682","article-title":"Spatiotemporal analysis of invasive meningococcal disease, Germany","volume":"12","author":"Elias","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"S0950268824000116_r26","unstructured":"[26] ABS. 1270.0.55.003 (2016) Australian statistical geography standard (ASGS): Volume 3. 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Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e22"}}