{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T23:23:05Z","timestamp":1773098585906,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]],"date-time":"2024-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728000000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":277,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:p>In the last 10\u201315\u00a0years, there has been a global resurgence of scarlet fever, an infection historically associated with significant morbidity and mortality. It is unknown whether scarlet fever incidence has increased in Australia. We aimed to examine the incidence, predictors and severity of scarlet fever in the state of Victoria, Australia from 2007 to 2017, analyzing scarlet fever emergency department (ED) presentations, hospitalizations and deaths. Of the 1\u00a0578 scarlet fever cases during the study period, most occurred in children aged &lt;10\u00a0years (1\u00a0344, 85%), in males (882, 56%), and during winter and spring months (918, 57%). There were no deaths with scarlet fever, however, 374 cases (24%) were admitted to hospital. The annual incidence of scarlet fever was stable during the study period (mean, 2.5; range, 1.9\u20133.1 cases per 100\u00a0000). Annual incidence was highest in children aged &lt;5\u00a0years (19.3 per 100\u00a0000), and was 21% higher in males than females, adjusting for age and year (incidence rate ratio, 1.21, 95%CI 1.09\u20131.34). Whilst scarlet fever ED presentations and hospitalizations were stable in Victoria from 2007 to 2017, the recent identification of a <jats:italic>Streptococcus pyogenes<\/jats:italic> variant in Australia associated with epidemic scarlet fever overseas highlights the risk of future outbreaks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268824001298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]],"date-time":"2024-10-04T06:15:33Z","timestamp":1728022533000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Epidemiology of scarlet fever in Victoria, Australia, 2007\u20132017"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"152","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1395-7699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sachin","family":"Phakey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4013-9835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia T.","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5851-5339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine B.","family":"Gibney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268824001298_r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz099"},{"key":"S0950268824001298_r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2023.100873"},{"key":"S0950268824001298_r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-023-03885-7"},{"key":"S0950268824001298_r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2304.160773"},{"key":"S0950268824001298_r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30693-X"},{"key":"S0950268824001298_r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2310.161456"},{"key":"S0950268824001298_r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17571472.2017.1365677"},{"key":"S0950268824001298_r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.01.010"},{"key":"S0950268824001298_r5","first-page":"386","article-title":"Epidemiological features and control of an outbreak of scarlet fever in a Perth primary school","volume":"29","author":"Feeney","year":"2005","journal-title":"Communication Diseases Intelligence Quarterly Report"},{"key":"S0950268824001298_r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30446-3"},{"key":"S0950268824001298_r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36717-4"}],"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268824001298","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]],"date-time":"2024-10-04T06:15:35Z","timestamp":1728022535000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268824001298\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"references-count":11,"alternative-id":["S0950268824001298"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268824001298","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e116"}}