{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T03:55:07Z","timestamp":1793332507942,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733097600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":336,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:p>Anthrax is a bacterial zoonotic disease caused by <jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis.<\/jats:italic> We qualitatively examined facilitators and barriers to responding to a potential anthrax outbreak using the capability, opportunity, motivation behaviour model (COM-B model) in the high-risk rural district of Namisindwa, in Eastern Uganda. We chose the COM-B model because it provides a systematic approach for selecting evidence-based techniques and approaches for promoting the behavioural prompt response to anthrax outbreaks. Unpacking these facilitators and barriers enables the leaders and community members to understand existing resources and gaps so that they can leverage them for future anthrax outbreaks.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <jats:p>This was a qualitative cross-sectional study that was part of a bigger anthrax outbreak simulation study conducted in September 2023. We conducted 10 Key Informant interviews among key stakeholders. The interviews were audio recorded on Android-enabled phones and later transcribed verbatim. The transcripts were analyzed using a\u00a0deductive thematic content approach through Nvivo 12.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <jats:p>The facilitators were; knowledge of respondents about anthrax disease and anthrax outbreak response, experience and presence of surveillance guidelines, availability of resources, and\u00a0presence of communication channels. The identified barriers were; porous boarders that facilitate unregulated animal trade across, lack of essential personal protective equipment, and\u00a0lack of funds for surveillance and response activities.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <jats:p>Generally, the district was partially ready for the next anthrax outbreak. The district was resourced in terms of human resources but lacked adequate funds for animal, environmental and human surveillance activities for anthrax and related response. The district technical staff had the knowledge required to respond to the\u00a0anthrax outbreak but lacked adequate funds for animal, environmental and human surveillance for anthrax and related response. We think that our study findings are generalizable in similar settings and therefore call for the implementation of such periodic evaluations to help leverage the strong areas and improve other aspects. Anthrax is a growing threat in the region, and there should be proactive efforts in prevention, specifically, we recommend vaccination of livestock and further research for human vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268824001493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T07:06:03Z","timestamp":1733123163000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Are we ready for the next anthrax outbreak? Lessons from a simulation exercise in a rural-based district in Uganda"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"152","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9690-4650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abel W.","family":"Walekhwa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lydia N.","family":"Namakula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenda","family":"Nakazibwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Ssekitoleko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence","family":"Mugisha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268824001493_r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21070843"},{"key":"S0950268824001493_r15","first-page":"12","article-title":"The first ever reported Anthrax outbreak in Buduuda District, eastern Uganda February-May 2022","volume":"8","author":"Kabami","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Uganda Public Health Bulletin July\u2013September"},{"key":"S0950268824001493_r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-022-01074-x"},{"key":"S0950268824001493_r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0196799"},{"key":"S0950268824001493_r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11019-w"},{"key":"S0950268824001493_r17","unstructured":"[17] Ronnie, W (2022) Government lifts anthrax quarantine. URN, Uganda Radio Network."},{"key":"S0950268824001493_r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17238895"},{"key":"S0950268824001493_r28","first-page":"5","article-title":"Re-classifying anthrax as a public good disease: policy brief","volume":"6","author":"Amanya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Uganda National Institute of Public Health; Quarterly Epidemiological Bulletin: October\u2013December, 2021"},{"key":"S0950268824001493_r20","first-page":"1","article-title":"How to prepare for the next inevitable Ebola outbreak: lessons from West Africa","author":"Bosa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"key":"S0950268824001493_r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-30528\/v1"},{"key":"S0950268824001493_r4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Recent understanding of the epidemiology of animal and human anthrax in Ethiopia with emphasis on diagnosis, control and prevention interventions: review","volume":"17","author":"Yadeta","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Journal of Medical Sciences"},{"key":"S0950268824001493_r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237223"},{"key":"S0950268824001493_r3","unstructured":"[3] Ngetich, W (2019) Review of anthrax: a disease of animals and humans. Int J Agric Environ Biores 4, 123\u201334."},{"key":"S0950268824001493_r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/9083615"},{"key":"S0950268824001493_r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15670-3"},{"key":"S0950268824001493_r16","unstructured":"[16] Independent (2022) Animal quarantine imposed in Manafwa to curb anthrax. The Independent. Kampala."},{"key":"S0950268824001493_r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08136-9"},{"key":"S0950268824001493_r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32388\/WW04E6.2"},{"key":"S0950268824001493_r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2023.106841"},{"key":"S0950268824001493_r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008026"},{"key":"S0950268824001493_r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18084176"},{"key":"S0950268824001493_r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-022-00445-0"},{"key":"S0950268824001493_r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.561"},{"key":"S0950268824001493_r27","unstructured":"[27] WHO, OIE and FAO (2008) Anthrax in humans and animals. World Health Organization."},{"key":"S0950268824001493_r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17093094"},{"key":"S0950268824001493_r1","unstructured":"[1] WHO (2023). Antrhax-Zambia. https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/disease-outbreak-news\/item\/2023-DON497#:~:text=Until 1 November, anthrax outbreaks, nine of Zambia\u2019s10 provinces."},{"key":"S0950268824001493_r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-24589-5"},{"key":"S0950268824001493_r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-024-04289-0"},{"key":"S0950268824001493_r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980020001445"},{"key":"S0950268824001493_r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2612.191373"},{"key":"S0950268824001493_r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8050651"}],"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268824001493","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T07:06:10Z","timestamp":1733123170000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268824001493\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["S0950268824001493"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268824001493","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 IDEMU Mathematical Modelling Unit, Uganda, 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e151"}}