{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T04:02:12Z","timestamp":1747800132631,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740096000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":51,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:p>Children, adolescents, and young people living with HIV (CALWHIV), including those in resource-limited settings, may be at increased risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, poorer coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcomes, and multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS). We conducted a repeat SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence survey among CALWHIV in Europe (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0493) and South Africa (SA, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0307), and HIV-negative adolescents in SA (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0100), in 2020\u20132022. Blood samples were tested for SARS-CoV-2 antibody, questionnaires collected data on SARS-CoV-2 risk factors and vaccination status, and clinical data were extracted from health records. SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence (95% CI) was 55% (50%\u201359%) in CALWHIV in Europe, 67% (61%\u201372%) in CALWHIV in SA, and 85% (77%\u201392%) among HIV-negative participants in SA. Among those unvaccinated at time of sampling (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0769, 85%), seroprevalence was 40% (35%\u201345%), 64% (58%\u201370%), and 81% (71%\u201389%), respectively. Few participants (11% overall) had a known history of SARS-CoV-2-positive PCR or self-reported COVID-19. Three CALWHIV were hospitalized, two with COVID-19 (nonsevere disease) and one young adult with MIS. Although SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence was high across all settings, even in unvaccinated participants, it was broadly comparable to general population estimates, and most infections were mild\/asymptomatic. Results support policy decisions excluding CALWHIV without severe immunosuppression from high-risk groups for COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268825000135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T02:26:27Z","timestamp":1740104787000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Are children and adolescents living with HIV in Europe and South Africa at higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 and poor COVID-19 outcomes?"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"153","author":[{"name":"The European Pregnancy and Paediatric Infections Cohort Collaboration (EPPICC) SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Study Group","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268825000135_r26","unstructured":"[26] Department of Health(2020) COVID-19: The Green Book, chapter 14a."},{"key":"S0950268825000135_r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(21)00072-2"},{"key":"S0950268825000135_r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000003624"},{"key":"S0950268825000135_r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08808-6"},{"key":"S0950268825000135_r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101786"},{"key":"S0950268825000135_r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2805.220278"},{"key":"S0950268825000135_r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac198"},{"key":"S0950268825000135_r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12916"},{"key":"S0950268825000135_r29","unstructured":"[29] Department of Health, Republic of South Africa (2023) Latest Vaccine Statistics 2023. https:\/\/sacoronavirus.co.za\/latest-vaccine-statistics\/ (accessed 23 August 2023)."},{"key":"S0950268825000135_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1758852","article-title":"HIV and COVID-19 disease","volume":"44","author":"Venturas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"S0950268825000135_r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2021-218415"},{"key":"S0950268825000135_r30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.18735.2","article-title":"First dose COVID-19 vaccine coverage amongst adolescents and children in England: An analysis of 3.21 million patients\u2019 primary care records in situ using OpenSAFELY [version 2; peer review: 2 approved]","volume":"8","author":"Hopcroft","year":"2023","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Research"},{"key":"S0950268825000135_r28","unstructured":"[28] Department of Health, Republic of South Africa (2021) Media Statement: Health Department commence with vaccine rollout for 12\u201317 year olds https:\/\/sacoronavirus.co.za\/2021\/10\/19\/media-statement-health-department-commence-with-vaccine-rollout-for-12-17-year-olds\/ (accessed 23 August 2023)."},{"key":"S0950268825000135_r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25671"},{"key":"S0950268825000135_r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2119658"},{"key":"S0950268825000135_r27","unstructured":"[27] Statement by President Cyril Ramaphosa on Progress in the National Effort to Contain the COVID-19 Pandemic (2021) https:\/\/sacoronavirus.co.za\/2021\/07\/25\/statement-by-president-cyril-ramaphosa-on-progress-in-the-national-effort-to-contain-the-covid-19-pandemic-25-july-2021\/ (accessed 23 August 2023)."},{"key":"S0950268825000135_r17","first-page":"162","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 variant biology: Immune escape, transmission and fitness","volume":"21","author":"Carabelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Microbiology"},{"key":"S0950268825000135_r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001831"},{"key":"S0950268825000135_r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.02.016"},{"key":"S0950268825000135_r22","unstructured":"[22] British HIV Association (2020) Comment from BHIVA and THT on UK Government Guidance on Coronavirus (COVID-19), Social Distancing to Protect Vulnerable Adults and Shielding to Protect Extremely Vulnerable Adults. https:\/\/www.bhiva.org\/comment-from-BHIVA-and-THT-on-UK-Government-guidance-on-Coronavirus-COVID-19 (accessed 22 August 2023)."},{"key":"S0950268825000135_r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31304-0"},{"key":"S0950268825000135_r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.2021.v111i11.15669"},{"key":"S0950268825000135_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e486","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(22)00097-2","article-title":"Clinical features of, and risk factors for, severe or fatal COVID-19 among people living with HIV admitted to hospital: Analysis of data from the WHO global clinical platform of COVID-19","volume":"9","author":"Bertagnolio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"S0950268825000135_r9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002491","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002491","article-title":"Long-term trends in mortality and AIDS-defining events after combination ART initiation among children and adolescents with perinatal HIV infection in 17 middle- and high-income countries in Europe and Thailand: A cohort study","volume":"15","author":"Judd","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Medicine"},{"key":"S0950268825000135_r14","unstructured":"[14] ISARIC4C (2020) ISARIC Coronavirus Clinical Characterisation Protocol. https:\/\/isaric.org\/research\/covid-19-clinical-research-resources\/."},{"key":"S0950268825000135_r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cei\/uxac001"},{"key":"S0950268825000135_r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000003610"},{"key":"S0950268825000135_r13","unstructured":"[13] World Health Organization (2020) Case Report Form for suspected cases of multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS) in children and adolescents temporally related to COVID-19. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO-2019-nCoV-MIS_Children_CRF-2020.2."},{"key":"S0950268825000135_r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/ajlm.v12i1.2065"},{"key":"S0950268825000135_r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab004"},{"key":"S0950268825000135_r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-022-02254-x"},{"key":"S0950268825000135_r15","unstructured":"[15] GISAID (2022) hCoV-19 Variants Dashboard. https:\/\/gisaid.org\/hcov-19-variants-dashboard\/."},{"key":"S0950268825000135_r7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.21.2200809","article-title":"Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 seroassay sensitivity: A systematic review and modelling study","volume":"28","author":"Owusu-Boaitey","year":"2023","journal-title":"EuroSurveillance"},{"key":"S0950268825000135_r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2022-324375"}],"container-title":["Epidemiology and 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Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e44"}}