{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T13:03:36Z","timestamp":1792501416771,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741910400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":72,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Denmark is one of the leading countries in establishing digital solutions in the health sector. When SARS-CoV-2 arrived in February 2020, a real-time surveillance system could be rapidly built on existing infrastructure. This rapid data integration for COVID-19 surveillance enabled a data-driven response. Here we describe (a) the setup of the automated, real-time surveillance and vaccination monitoring system for COVID-19 in Denmark, including primary stakeholders, data sources, and algorithms, (b) outputs for various stakeholders, (c) how outputs were used for action and (d) reflect on challenges and lessons learnt. Outputs were tailored to four main stakeholder groups: four outputs provided direct information to individual citizens, four to complementary systems and researchers, 25 to decision-makers, and 15 informed the public, aiding transparency. Core elements in infrastructure needed for automated surveillance had been in place for more than a decade. The COVID-19 epidemic was a pressure test that allowed us to explore the system\u2019s potential and identify challenges for future pandemic preparedness. The system described here constitutes a model for the future infectious disease surveillance in Denmark. With the current pandemic threat posed by avian influenza viruses, lessons learnt from the COVID-19 pandemic remain topical and relevant.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268825000263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T22:19:21Z","timestamp":1741904361000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Data for action \u2013 description of the automated COVID-19 surveillance system in Denmark and lessons learnt, January 2020 to June 2024"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"153","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0702-0189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gudrun","family":"Witteveen-Freidl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karina","family":"Lauenborg M\u00f8ller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Voldstedlund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Gubbels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Statens Serum Institut COVID-19 Automated Surveillance Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268825000263_r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.13140"},{"key":"S0950268825000263_r4","first-page":"2200547","article-title":"COVID-19 mortality attenuated during widespread omicron transmission, Denmark, 2020 to 2022","volume":"28","author":"Friis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Euro Surveillance: Bulletin Europeen Sur Les Maladies Transmissibles = European Communicable Disease Bulletin."},{"key":"S0950268825000263_r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026882200019X"},{"key":"S0950268825000263_r28","unstructured":"[28] Regulation (EU) 2016\/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95\/46\/EC (General Data Protection Regulation). Available at https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2016\/679\/oj."},{"key":"S0950268825000263_r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31897-x"},{"key":"S0950268825000263_r25","unstructured":"[25] Digital Health Strategy 2018\u20132022 Sundhedsdatastyrelsen. Available at https:\/\/sundhedsdatastyrelsen.dk\/da\/diverse\/download (accessed 11 July 2023)"},{"key":"S0950268825000263_r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03106-3"},{"key":"S0950268825000263_r3","unstructured":"[3] The Danish Healthcare System (2023) Available at http:\/\/www.sst.dk\/en\/english\/publications\/2017\/The-Danish-healthcare-system (accessed 06 November 2024)."},{"key":"S0950268825000263_r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00580-6"},{"key":"S0950268825000263_r27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssaho.2023.100688","article-title":"Healthy transparency: Dynamic interrelations between credibility, transparency, and trust in the context of Danish public authorities\u2019 COVID-19 communication","volume":"8","author":"Gamerdinger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Social Sciences and Humanities Open"},{"key":"S0950268825000263_r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268823001188"},{"key":"S0950268825000263_r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00575-4"},{"key":"S0950268825000263_r31","unstructured":"[31] European Parliament and Council (2021) Regulation (EU) 2021\/522 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24\u00a0March 2021 establishing a Programme for the Union\u2019s action in the field of health (\u2018EU4Health Programme\u2019) for the period 2021\u20132027, and repealing Regulation (EU) No 282\/2014."},{"key":"S0950268825000263_r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00290-5"},{"key":"S0950268825000263_r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00876-6"},{"key":"S0950268825000263_r12","unstructured":"[12] Ekspertgruppe til udvikling af matematiske modeller IFM. Covid-19. Available at https:\/\/covid19.ssi.dk\/analyser-og-prognoser\/modelberegninger\/ekspertgruppen-for-matematiske-modelberegninger."},{"key":"S0950268825000263_r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2022.100452"},{"key":"S0950268825000263_r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.5.210009"},{"key":"S0950268825000263_r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2024.100380"},{"key":"S0950268825000263_r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2014.19.1.20667"},{"key":"S0950268825000263_r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004037"},{"key":"S0950268825000263_r1","first-page":"222","article-title":"Infectious disease surveillance","author":"Murray","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Encyclopaedia of Public Health"},{"key":"S0950268825000263_r29","unstructured":"[29] Danish Data Protection Legislation Available at https:\/\/www.datatilsynet.dk\/english\/legislation."},{"key":"S0950268825000263_r2","unstructured":"[2] Denmark \u2013 EU country profile|European Union. Available at https:\/\/european-union.europa.eu\/principles-countries-history\/eu-countries\/denmark_en (accessed 06 November 2024)."},{"key":"S0950268825000263_r13","first-page":"1589","article-title":"Predicting COVID-19 incidence using wastewater surveillance data, Denmark, October 2021\u2013June 2022","volume":"29","author":"McManus","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases Journal"},{"key":"S0950268825000263_r9","first-page":"e0281972","volume":"18","author":"Gram","year":"2023","journal-title":"Patterns of testing in the extensive Danish national SARS-CoV-2 test set-u"},{"key":"S0950268825000263_r10","first-page":"20155","article-title":"The Danish vaccination register","volume":"17","author":"Krause","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"S0950268825000263_r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15301-x"},{"key":"S0950268825000263_r11","volume-title":"Regulation (EU)\u00a02021\/953 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14\u00a0June 2021 on a framework for the issuance, verification and acceptance of interoperable COVID-19 vaccination, test and recovery certificates (EU Digital COVID Certificate) to facilitate free movement during the COVID-19 pandemic.","year":"2021"},{"key":"S0950268825000263_r7","unstructured":"[7] About TestCenter Denmark (2022) Available at https:\/\/tcdk.ssi.dk\/english (accessed 26 October 2022)."},{"key":"S0950268825000263_r30","unstructured":"[30] European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic \u2013 May 2023: 2023. 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Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e58"}}