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Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:p>Human toxocariasis is a worldwide parasitic disease caused by zoonotic roundworms of the genus <jats:italic>Toxocara<\/jats:italic>, which can cause blindness and epilepsy. The aim of this study was to estimate the risk of food-borne transmission of <jats:italic>Toxocara<\/jats:italic> spp. to humans in the UK by developing mathematical models created in a Bayesian framework. Parameter estimation was based on published experimental studies and field data from southern England, with qPCR Cq values used as a measure of eggs in spinach portions and ELISA optical density data as an indirect measure of larvae in meat portions. The average human risk of <jats:italic>Toxocara<\/jats:italic> spp. infection, per portion consumed, was estimated as 0.016% (95% CI: 0.000\u20130.100%) for unwashed leafy vegetables and 0.172% (95% CI: 0.000\u20130.400%) for undercooked meat. The average proportion of meat portions estimated positive for <jats:italic>Toxocara<\/jats:italic> spp. larvae was 0.841% (95% CI: 0.300\u20131.400%), compared to 0.036% (95% CI: 0.000\u20130.200%) of spinach portions containing larvated <jats:italic>Toxocara<\/jats:italic> spp. eggs. Overall, the models estimated a low risk of infection with <jats:italic>Toxocara<\/jats:italic> spp. by consuming these foods. However, given the potentially severe human health consequences of toxocariasis, intervention strategies to reduce environmental contamination with <jats:italic>Toxocara<\/jats:italic> spp. eggs and correct food preparation are advised.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268825000330","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T11:53:34Z","timestamp":1749470014000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Modelling the risk of food-borne transmission of <i>Toxocara<\/i> spp. to humans"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"153","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5361-049X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Healy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4220-3290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martha","family":"Betson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4699-5931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquin M.","family":"Prada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268825000330_r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2014.0416"},{"key":"S0950268825000330_r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.03.013"},{"key":"S0950268825000330_r11","first-page":"6","article-title":"Helminth contamination of commonly consumed raw vegetables in sivas province in the central part of Turkey: First molecular detection of human pathogenic Toxocara canis eggs in raw vegetables","volume":"49","author":"Erol","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Veterinaria Eurasia"},{"key":"S0950268825000330_r17","unstructured":"[17] FSA (2018) Cooking Safely in Your Business. https:\/\/www.food.gov.uk\/business-guidance\/cooking-safely-in-your-business (accessed December 2023)."},{"key":"S0950268825000330_r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30331-6"},{"key":"S0950268825000330_r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.12.030"},{"key":"S0950268825000330_r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v071.i09"},{"key":"S0950268825000330_r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mran.2019.100090"},{"key":"S0950268825000330_r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-011-2536-8"},{"key":"S0950268825000330_r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2020.02.001"},{"key":"S0950268825000330_r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.03.020"},{"key":"S0950268825000330_r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12070870"},{"key":"S0950268825000330_r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/162.4.2025"},{"key":"S0950268825000330_r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-013-3376-5"},{"key":"S0950268825000330_r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114512000360"},{"key":"S0950268825000330_r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10101290"},{"key":"S0950268825000330_r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2020.103704"},{"key":"S0950268825000330_r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-022-03516-w"},{"key":"S0950268825000330_r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182021001591"},{"key":"S0950268825000330_r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00932411"},{"key":"S0950268825000330_r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.12.033"},{"key":"S0950268825000330_r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2018.04.003"},{"key":"S0950268825000330_r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2024.02.003"},{"key":"S0950268825000330_r30","unstructured":"[30] AHDB (Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board). 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