{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T02:08:21Z","timestamp":1783044501274,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748822400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":152,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001505","name":"Health Research Council of New Zealand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F-112870"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F-112870"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001505","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:p>Leptospirosis in NZ has historically been associated with male workers in livestock industries; however, the disease epidemiology is changing. This study identified risk factors amid these shifts. Participants (95 cases:300 controls) were recruited nationwide between 22 July 2019 and 31 January 2022, and controls were frequency-matched by sex (90% male) and rurality (65% rural). Multivariable logistic regression models, adjusted for sex, rurality, age, and season\u2014with one model additionally including occupational sector\u2014identified risk factors including contact with dairy cattle (aOR 2.5; CI: 1.0\u20136.0), activities with beef cattle (aOR 3.0; 95% CI: 1.1\u20138.2), cleaning urine\/faeces from yard surfaces (aOR 3.9; 95% CI: 1.5\u201310.3), uncovered cuts\/scratches (aOR 4.6; 95% CI: 1.9\u201311.7), evidence of rodents (aOR 2.2; 95% CI: 1.0\u20135.0), and work water supply from multiple sources\u2014especially creeks\/streams (aOR 7.8; 95% CI: 1.5\u201345.1) or roof-collected rainwater (aOR 6.6; 95% CI: 1.4\u201333.7). When adjusted for occupational sector, risk factors remained significant except for contact with dairy cattle, and slaughter without gloves emerged as a risk (aOR 3.3; 95% CI: 0.9\u201312.9). This study highlights novel behavioural factors, such as uncovered cuts and inconsistent glove use, alongside environmental risks from rodents and natural water sources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268825100071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T08:30:01Z","timestamp":1748853001000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Case\u2013control study of leptospirosis in Aotearoa New Zealand reveals behavioural, occupational, and environmental risk 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