{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T00:27:31Z","timestamp":1759883251176,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":246,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:p>Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) have influenced population dynamics of <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> in the nasopharynx and may have contributed to increased <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> colonization. This study assessed the prevalence of colonization, antibiotic resistance patterns, and associated risk factors for colonization and co-colonization of <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> in healthy Peruvian children post-PCV introduction. Nasopharyngeal swabs from children &lt;24\u00a0months were collected in five hospitals in Lima (2018\u20132019). Microbiological identification and antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed, and multinomial regression evaluated factors influencing colonization. Among 894 children, 19.7% were colonized with <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>, 20.3% with <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>, and 2.9% co-colonized. Of the 176 <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> strains isolated, 1.7% were methicillin resistant and 20.5% were clindamycin resistant; no resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT) was found. Among 182 <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> strains isolated, 48.9% were resistant to macrolides, 74.7% to SXT; no resistance to penicillin was found. Breastfeeding and vaccination with PCV13 were associated with a reduced prevalence of <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> colonization, while vaccination with PCV13 increased the prevalence of <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> colonization, mainly by non-vaccine serotypes. This study highlights the need to continue monitoring the changes in colonization dynamics and antimicrobial resistance patterns after vaccine introduction, to guide empirical therapy and future vaccine strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268825100277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T04:00:02Z","timestamp":1756958402000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antibiotic resistance and factors associated with colonization dynamics of <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i> and <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/i> in healthy children in Lima, Peru"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"153","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6364-9454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria Mariana","family":"Li Valverde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paulo Cesar","family":"Aguirre Casta\u00f1eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brayan E.","family":"Gonzales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia"},{"name":"Grupo Peruano de Investigaci\u00f3n en Neumococo (GPIN)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franco","family":"Castillo-Tokumori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia"},{"name":"Grupo Peruano de Investigaci\u00f3n en Neumococo (GPIN)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jorge E.","family":"Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Mississippi Medical Center"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Theresa J.","family":"Ochoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia"},{"name":"Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia"},{"name":"Grupo Peruano de Investigaci\u00f3n en Neumococo (GPIN)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268825100277_r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00507"},{"key":"S0950268825100277_r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16357-5"},{"key":"S0950268825100277_r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/377501"},{"key":"S0950268825100277_r41","unstructured":"[41] Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) (n.d.) 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