{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:19:32Z","timestamp":1785421172163,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757289600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":250,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Typhimurium sequence type (ST) 36 is a rare sequence type in Sweden. During August\u2013November 2024, 100 cases of\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Typhimurium ST36 were reported nationwide. The highest proportions of cases were observed among individuals aged 0\u201310\u00a0years (17%) and 41\u201350\u00a0years (20%), with females representing 65% of the total cases. Microbiological analysis of the\n                    <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Typhimurium ST36 isolates identified nine clusters and five individual strains clustering within 53 single-nucleotide polymorphisms. A matched case\u2013control study found cases to be associated with the consumption of alfalfa sprouts (adjusted odds ratio\u00a0=\u00a08.94, 95% CI: 2.96\u201327.1). Trace-back investigation identified seeds used by two alfalfa sprout producers in Sweden as the likely source of the outbreak, although microbiological analysis of sprouted alfalfa seeds from the producers did not detect\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella.<\/jats:italic>\n                    However, continued international investigations further implicated seeds sourced from the same origin, supporting that alfalfa seeds were the ultimate source of the Swedish outbreak. Our investigation and findings indicate that alfalfa sprouts may contain\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    and thus pose a health risk to consumers. We emphasize the need for primary producers of alfalfa seeds and sprouts to identify and prevent possible contamination points.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268825100526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T03:07:28Z","timestamp":1757300848000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Multi-cluster outbreak of\n                    <i>Salmonella<\/i>\n                    Typhimurium sequence type 36 linked to alfalfa sprouts, Sweden, August\u2013November 2024"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"153","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6173-4452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate","family":"Lillepold","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05x4m5564","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Public Health Agency of Sweden (PHAS)"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00s9v1h75","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadja","family":"Karamehmedovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Agency of Sweden (PHAS)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8684-0160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioana","family":"Bujila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Agency of Sweden (PHAS)"},{"name":"ECDC Fellowship Programme, Public Health Microbiology path (EUPHEM)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Ohlson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05x4m5564","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Public Health Agency of Sweden (PHAS)"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00s9v1h75","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Nederby \u00d6hd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stockholm Region"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingela","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"J\u00f6nk\u00f6ping Region"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gunilla","family":"Ockborn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"V\u00e4stra G\u00f6taland Region"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mats","family":"Lindblad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swedish Food Agency (SFA)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilias","family":"Galanis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Agency of Sweden (PHAS)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moa","family":"Rehn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05x4m5564","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Public Health Agency of Sweden (PHAS)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rikard","family":"Dryselius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05x4m5564","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Public Health Agency of Sweden (PHAS)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268825100526_r4","volume-title":"Antigenic Formulae of the salmonella Serovars","author":"Grimont","year":"2007"},{"key":"S0950268825100526_r13","article-title":"Outbreak of salmonella Stanley in Sweden associated with alfalfa sprouts, July-August 2007","volume":"12","author":"Werner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"S0950268825100526_r6","first-page":"e9106","article-title":"The European Union One Health 2023 Zoonoses Report","volume":"22","year":"2024","journal-title":"EFSA Journal"},{"key":"S0950268825100526_r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2900\/7051610"},{"key":"S0950268825100526_r2","unstructured":"[2] Sveriges Riksdag (2004) Smittskyddslag (2004:168). https:\/\/www.riksdagen.se\/sv\/dokument-och-lagar\/dokument\/svensk-forfattningssamling\/smittskyddslag-2004168_sfs-2004-168\/."},{"key":"S0950268825100526_r16","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","year":"2024"},{"key":"S0950268825100526_r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00323-15"},{"key":"S0950268825100526_r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens1020128"},{"key":"S0950268825100526_r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33321\/cdi.2019.43.45"},{"key":"S0950268825100526_r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/JFP-21-096"},{"key":"S0950268825100526_r15","unstructured":"[15] Folkh\u00e4lsomyndigheten. 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Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that no alterations are made and the original article is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press must be obtained prior to any commercial use and\/or adaptation of the article.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e108"}}