{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T18:57:28Z","timestamp":1793645848734,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767312000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Nationwide screening for parvovirus B19 among blood donors in Hungary has been conducted since 2019. Although B19 is primarily transmitted via the respiratory route, transfusion-related transmission also occurs. This study investigated the impact of COVID-19\u2013related restrictions on B19 incidence. Between January 1 2019 and December 31 2024, a total of 2,043,119 blood donations were screened for B19 DNA using PCR, and the study period was divided into six epidemiological phases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>During the pre-restriction period (Phase I), B19 incidence was relatively low (0.87\/10,000 donations). Following the introduction of COVID-19 restrictions (Phase II), highly viremic donations were not detected. Incidence gradually returned in Phase III (0.22\/10000) and increased in Phase IV (1.96\/10000), suggesting a minor outbreak. A marked surge in December 2023 (23.03\/10000) initiated a nationwide epidemic, peaking in March\u2013April 2024 (46.01\/10000), before declining by August (Phase VI; 0.54\/10000).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>COVID-19 restrictions substantially reduced B19 transmission and may have led to increased population susceptibility. This likely contributed to the unusually intense B19 epidemic observed in 2024, which was considerably more severe than contemporaneous outbreaks reported in other countries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268825100861","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T08:51:39Z","timestamp":1767343899000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Incidence of parvovirus B19 among Hungarian blood donor population during COVID-19 restrictions and the subsequent B19 epidemic of 2024"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"154","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6003-1576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3","family":"Kokavecz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00qtxnd58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Hungarian National Blood Transfusion Service"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zita","family":"Sohajda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Het\u00e9nyi G\u00e9za Clinic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P\u00e9ter","family":"D\u00e1vid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02xf66n48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Debrecen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anik\u00f3","family":"St\u00e1gel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00qtxnd58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Hungarian National Blood Transfusion Service"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kl\u00e1ra","family":"Bar\u00f3ti-T\u00f3th","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00qtxnd58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Hungarian National Blood Transfusion Service"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e1ndor","family":"Nagy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00qtxnd58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Hungarian National Blood Transfusion Service"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melinda","family":"Paholcsek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02xf66n48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Debrecen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R\u00e9ka","family":"Sohajda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00qtxnd58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Hungarian National Blood Transfusion Service"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268825100861_r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/beha.1999.0071"},{"key":"S0950268825100861_r15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2008-3","article-title":"A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China","volume":"579","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"S0950268825100861_r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra030840"},{"key":"S0950268825100861_r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2013.12.002"},{"key":"S0950268825100861_r17","first-page":"2000058","article-title":"Pattern of early human-to-human transmission of Wuhan 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), December 2019 to January 2020","volume":"25","author":"Julien","year":"2020","journal-title":"Euro Surveillance"},{"key":"S0950268825100861_r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.18032"},{"key":"S0950268825100861_r16","unstructured":"[16] WHO. COVID-19 dashboard. https:\/\/data.who.int\/dashboards\/covid19\/ (accessed 2 January 2025)."},{"key":"S0950268825100861_r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-025-06228-2"},{"key":"S0950268825100861_r21","unstructured":"[21] Magyar K\u00f6zl\u00f6ny 484\/2020.(XI.10.) Korm. rendelet (in Hungarian)."},{"key":"S0950268825100861_r24","unstructured":"[24] Magyar K\u00f6zl\u00f6ny 365\/2021.(VI.30.) Korm. rendelet (in Hungarian)."},{"key":"S0950268825100861_r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026880600731X"},{"key":"S0950268825100861_r18","unstructured":"[18] Magyar K\u00f6zl\u00f6ny; 40\/2020.(III.11.) Korm. rendelet (in Hungarian)."},{"key":"S0950268825100861_r19","unstructured":"[19] Magyar K\u00f6zl\u00f6ny; 71\/2020.(III.27.) Korm. rendelet (in Hungarian)."},{"key":"S0950268825100861_r23","unstructured":"[23] Magyar K\u00f6zl\u00f6ny 264\/2021.(V.21.) Korm. rendelet (in Hungarian)."},{"key":"S0950268825100861_r22","unstructured":"[22] Magyar K\u00f6zl\u00f6ny 177\/2021.(IV.15.) Korm. rendelet (in Hungarian)."},{"key":"S0950268825100861_r10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.05485-0","article-title":"Advances in the biology, diagnosis and host-pathogen interactions of parvovirus B19","volume":"53","author":"Amanda","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Microbiology"},{"key":"S0950268825100861_r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(75)91074-0"},{"key":"S0950268825100861_r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00630-8"},{"key":"S0950268825100861_r11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2011.03.012","article-title":"False-negative serology in patients with acute parvovirus B19 infection","volume":"51","author":"Simon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Virology: The Official Publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology"},{"key":"S0950268825100861_r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2007.01443.x","article-title":"Blood donor screening for parvovirus B19 in Germany and Austria","volume":"47","author":"Michael","year":"2007","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"S0950268825100861_r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28921"},{"key":"S0950268825100861_r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0268-960X(87)90020-8"},{"key":"S0950268825100861_r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1423-0410.2002.00132.x"},{"key":"S0950268825100861_r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400060964"},{"key":"S0950268825100861_r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.70046"},{"key":"S0950268825100861_r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1423-0410.2010.01423.x"},{"key":"S0950268825100861_r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.02.07.937862"},{"key":"S0950268825100861_r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/152.2.257"},{"key":"S0950268825100861_r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.25.2400339"},{"key":"S0950268825100861_r20","unstructured":"[20] Magyar K\u00f6zl\u00f6ny; 218\/2020.(V.21.) Korm. rendelet (in Hungarian)."},{"key":"S0950268825100861_r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-59582-7"},{"key":"S0950268825100861_r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29878"},{"key":"S0950268825100861_r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2023.105617"}],"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268825100861","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T07:13:18Z","timestamp":1784272398000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268825100861\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["S0950268825100861"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268825100861","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2026. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e11"}}