{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T08:04:54Z","timestamp":1784275494900,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767312000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Hyderabad, the fourth-most populous city in India, accounts for the majority of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PLWH) in Telangana, likely comprised of two populations with a disproportionately high national HIV prevalence: gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) and those who engage in sex work (SW). Research has shown that engaging in SW increases vulnerability to HIV transmission risk for both women and MSM, but less is known about contributors to non-optimal (ART) adherence. We analyzed data from 45 MSM and 49 women living with HIV who were enrolled in the first year of data collection from an mHealth education study in Hyderabad. Modified Poisson regression was used to measure factors associated with ART adherence measured with a visual analogue scale (VAS) (model 1) and pill count (model 2). Less than half (40.9%) reported ever engaging in SW, including 13 women and 25 MSM. The prevalence of non-optimal ART adherence was 14.9% with VAS and 42.4% with pill count. Engaging in SW was not associated with non-optimal ART adherence. Differences in non-optimal ART adherence measured by VAS and pill count suggest that future studies should utilize both methods to better distinguish the measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268825100927","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T09:33:04Z","timestamp":1767346384000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Factors associated with non-optimal antiretroviral adherence among MSM and women living with HIV in South India: an exploratory analysis"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"154","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3669-9821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Casey Morgan","family":"Luc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois Chicago School of Public Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabitha","family":"Gandham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SHARE India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sierra","family":"Upton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois Chicago School of Public Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijay","family":"Yeldandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SHARE India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kara","family":"Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois Chicago School of Public Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark S.","family":"Dworkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois Chicago School of Public Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268825100927_r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181c354d8"},{"key":"S0950268825100927_r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1155_20"},{"key":"S0950268825100927_r11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.45219","article-title":"Male sex workers: Are we ignoring a risk group in Mumbai, India?","volume":"75","author":"Shinde","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology"},{"key":"S0950268825100927_r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200106150-00015"},{"key":"S0950268825100927_r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-020-02779-4"},{"key":"S0950268825100927_r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07399332.2019.1623799"},{"key":"S0950268825100927_r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325957417742671"},{"key":"S0950268825100927_r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2008.0173"},{"key":"S0950268825100927_r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jana.2017.10.001"},{"key":"S0950268825100927_r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1310\/JFXH-G3X2-EYM6-D6UG"},{"key":"S0950268825100927_r5","unstructured":"[5] HIV and AIDS Data Hub for Asia Pacific (2020) HIV Prevalence in Men Who Have Sex with Men. https:\/\/www.aidsdatahub.org."},{"key":"S0950268825100927_r4","unstructured":"[4] Telangana State AIDS Control Society (2019) HIV Sentinel Surveillance-2019. Telangana State Report. https:\/\/nie.gov.in\/images\/reports\/pdf\/Telangana_2019.pdf."},{"key":"S0950268825100927_r6","unstructured":"[6] National AIDS Control Programme (2021) Country: India. https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/regionscountries\/countries\/india."},{"key":"S0950268825100927_r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/td.2011.110130"},{"key":"S0950268825100927_r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1310\/hct1205-244"},{"key":"S0950268825100927_r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2017.0315"},{"key":"S0950268825100927_r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.2022.34.4.291"},{"key":"S0950268825100927_r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1570162X1205141121102501"},{"key":"S0950268825100927_r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.08.017"},{"key":"S0950268825100927_r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz175"},{"key":"S0950268825100927_r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1596\/1813-9450-9941"},{"key":"S0950268825100927_r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2003.10801.x"},{"key":"S0950268825100927_r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-018-2255-6"},{"key":"S0950268825100927_r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2016.1204421"},{"key":"S0950268825100927_r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18020495"},{"key":"S0950268825100927_r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2022.2119470"},{"key":"S0950268825100927_r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ669"},{"key":"S0950268825100927_r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-008-9412-2"},{"key":"S0950268825100927_r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260521990840"},{"key":"S0950268825100927_r3","unstructured":"[3] Government of India (2018) India HIV Estimations 2017: Technical Report. https:\/\/naco.gov.in\/sites\/default\/files\/HIV%20Estimations%202017%20Report_1.pdf."},{"key":"S0950268825100927_r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.06.017"},{"key":"S0950268825100927_r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462420920145"},{"key":"S0950268825100927_r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-016-1541-4"},{"key":"S0950268825100927_r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2020.11.016"},{"key":"S0950268825100927_r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-018-2157-7"},{"key":"S0950268825100927_r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-133-1-200007040-00004"},{"key":"S0950268825100927_r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462415578545"},{"key":"S0950268825100927_r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17450128.2021.1883785"}],"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268825100927","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T07:14:05Z","timestamp":1784272445000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268825100927\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["S0950268825100927"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268825100927","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e17"}}