{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T08:04:47Z","timestamp":1784275487358,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769385600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We developed a dynamic COVID-19 Vaccination Barrier Index (CVBI) at the census-tract level in Clark County, Nevada and assessed its geographic disparities and relationship with COVID-19 vaccination rates over time. Using monthly census-tract data from December 2020 to June 2022, the CVBI integrated demographic, socioeconomic, environmental, housing, and transportation variables, alongside surrogates for vaccination accessibility and vaccine hesitancy. Lagged weighted quantile sum regression was applied to construct monthly indices, while a Besag-York-Molli\u00e9 model assessed associations with vaccination rates. The results revealed consistent vaccination barriers such as living in group quarters, housing inadequacy, and population density across all vaccination statuses (partial, full, booster). Rural and northern Clark County, especially northeastern Las Vegas, exhibited higher CVBI scores that correlated negatively with vaccination rates. Booster vaccination patterns differed, displaying fewer significantly vulnerable tracts. The dynamic nature of barriers is evident, highlighting temporal shifts in the significance of variables like driving distance to vaccine sites. This study emphasizes the importance of dynamic, localized assessments in identifying vaccination barriers, guiding public health interventions, and informing resource allocation to enhance vaccine accessibility during pandemics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268826100995","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T11:50:43Z","timestamp":1769428243000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tracking COVID-19 vaccination barriers over time: a census-tract-level barrier index approach"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"154","author":[{"given":"Lung-Chang","family":"Chien","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nevada Las Vegas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2311-7506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L.-W. Antony","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nevada Las Vegas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edom","family":"Gelaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nevada Las Vegas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheryl M.","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chad L.","family":"Cross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nevada Las Vegas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Nevada Health District"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anil T.","family":"Mangla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nevada Las Vegas"},{"name":"Southern Nevada Health District"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cassius","family":"Lockett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Nevada Health District"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268826100995_r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/epidemiologia3040038"},{"key":"S0950268826100995_r2","first-page":"e122","article-title":"First COVID-19 vaccines receiving the US FDA and EMA emergency use authorization","volume":"9","author":"Fortner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Discover"},{"key":"S0950268826100995_r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.04.10.20060962"},{"key":"S0950268826100995_r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.770985"},{"key":"S0950268826100995_r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08824096.2023.2270904"},{"key":"S0950268826100995_r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2024.2357230"},{"key":"S0950268826100995_r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18873-4"},{"key":"S0950268826100995_r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08971900221081621"},{"key":"S0950268826100995_r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198114"},{"key":"S0950268826100995_r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.15653"},{"key":"S0950268826100995_r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-22751-y"},{"key":"S0950268826100995_r6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1877-5880","article-title":"Perceptions and attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccination among pregnant and postpartum individuals","volume":"29","author":"Siegel","year":"2022","journal-title":"American Journal of Perinatology"},{"key":"S0950268826100995_r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0302934"},{"key":"S0950268826100995_r37","first-page":"05","volume-title":"National Neighborhood Data Archive (NaNDA): Socioeconomic Status and Demographic Characteristics of Census Tracts, United States, 2008\u20132017","author":"Melendez","year":"2020"},{"key":"S0950268826100995_r36","volume-title":"RTC Bus Stops","year":"2025"},{"key":"S0950268826100995_r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-14636-1"},{"key":"S0950268826100995_r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10708-022-10802-5"},{"key":"S0950268826100995_r53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08878-6"},{"key":"S0950268826100995_r49","unstructured":"[49] Sevtsuk, A and Mekonnen, M (2012) Urban network analysis: A new toolbox for measuring city form in ArcGIS. 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