{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:52:24Z","timestamp":1787791944450,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768780800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>West Nile virus (WNV) is a zoonotic mosquito-borne Flavivirus, with bird populations reservoirs. Although often asymptomatic, infection in humans can cause febrile symptoms and, more rarely, severe neurological symptoms. Previous studies assessed environmental drivers of WNV infections, but most overlooked areas with potential WNV circulation despite no reported human case, and mixed mechanisms affecting hosts vs. vectors. Our objective was to generate a WNV Bird Risk Index (BRI) mapping the potential of WNV circulation in bird communities across Europe. We first used a bird traits-based model to estimate WNV seroprevalence in European wild bird species and identify eco-ethological characteristics associated with it. This allowed us to build a map of the WNV BRI that showed a strong spatial heterogeneity across Europe. To validate this metric, using a Besag-York-Mollie 2 spatial model in a Bayesian framework, we showed a positive association between the BRI and the number of years with notified WNV human cases between 2016 and 2023, at the NUTS administrative region scale. To conclude, we provide a map quantifying the suitability for WNV to circulate in the bird reservoir. This allows to target surveillance efforts in areas at risk for WNV zoonotic infections in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268826101034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T08:07:52Z","timestamp":1768810072000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mapping the bird risk index for West Nile virus in Europe and its relationship with disease occurrence in humans"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"154","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8531-1614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Bastard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0471kz689","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"ANSES"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02vjkv261","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2646-196X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raphaelle","family":"Metras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02vjkv261","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benoit","family":"Durand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0471kz689","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"ANSES"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268826101034_r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002488"},{"key":"S0950268826101034_r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19122-z"},{"key":"S0950268826101034_r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009637"},{"key":"S0950268826101034_r20","volume-title":"eBird Status and Trends, Data Version: 2023; Released: 2025","author":"Fink","year":"2024"},{"key":"S0950268826101034_r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0420.2009.01191.x"},{"key":"S0950268826101034_r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/033.046.0226"},{"key":"S0950268826101034_r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-13-26"},{"key":"S0950268826101034_r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.13898"},{"key":"S0950268826101034_r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.44.2400084"},{"key":"S0950268826101034_r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2013.11.003"},{"key":"S0950268826101034_r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-025-00795-5"},{"key":"S0950268826101034_r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v082.i05"},{"key":"S0950268826101034_r34","first-page":"2200666","article-title":"VectorNet: Collaborative mapping of arthropod disease vectors in Europe and surrounding areas since 2010","volume":"28","author":"Wint","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control"},{"key":"S0950268826101034_r54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42185-7"},{"key":"S0950268826101034_r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185962"},{"key":"S0950268826101034_r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.13688"},{"key":"S0950268826101034_r53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2007.0200"},{"key":"S0950268826101034_r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.649190"},{"key":"S0950268826101034_r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/16-STS576"},{"key":"S0950268826101034_r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.2923"},{"key":"S0950268826101034_r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.13191"},{"key":"S0950268826101034_r38","first-page":"20622","article-title":"Monitoring West Nile virus (WNV) infection in wild birds in Serbia during 2012: First isolation and characterisation of WNV strains from Serbia","volume":"18","author":"Petrovi\u0107","year":"2013","journal-title":"Euro Surveillance: Bulletin Europeen Sur Les Maladies Transmissibles = European Communicable Disease Bulletin"},{"key":"S0950268826101034_r16","first-page":"190019","volume-title":"Sex-Specific Median Life Expectancies from Ex Situ Populations for 330 Animal Species","volume":"6","author":"Che-Castaldo","year":"2019"},{"key":"S0950268826101034_r35","volume-title":"Event Report 6169 - 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Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the same Creative Commons licence is used to distribute the re-used or adapted article and the original article is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press or the rights holder(s) must be obtained prior to any commercial use.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e19"}}