{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T23:51:38Z","timestamp":1792108298867,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772409600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":60,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic and associated non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) reduced transmission of other infections. We quantified changes in hospital admission rates for respiratory and gastrointestinal infections among young children in England during and after implementation of NPIs, compared to pre-pandemic, and variations by sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Children aged &lt;5\u00a0years at any time between 1 January 2017 and 31 January 2022 were followed from birth or 1 January 2017, until their 5th birthday, death, or 31 January 2022, within a birth cohort based on Hospital Episode Statistics data. Quarterly emergency admission rates for respiratory and gastrointestinal infections from April-June 2020 onwards were compared to corresponding quarters in 2017\u20132019 using Poisson regression, with and without interaction terms for time period and sociodemographic\/clinical characteristics. Admission rates for respiratory and gastrointestinal infections were lower in April\u2013June 2020 compared to this quarter pre-pandemic (incidence rate ratio (99% CI) 0.17 (0.17\u20130.18) for respiratory; 0.29 (0.28\u20130.31) for gastrointestinal). Rates remained below pre-pandemic levels until April\u2013June 2021 (respiratory infections) and July\u2013September 2021 (gastrointestinal infections), subsequently increasing above the corresponding pre-pandemic quarters. Changes in rates did not differ by sociodemographic\/clinical characteristics. These results can inform planning for future pandemics and their aftermath.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268826101186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T09:01:46Z","timestamp":1772442106000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Paediatric infection hospital admissions in England before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"154","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8544-7685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte","family":"Jackson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Wijlaars","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fariyo","family":"Abdullahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengyun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Judd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London"},{"name":"Fondazione Penta ETS"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Thorne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Intira Jeannie","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Costanza","family":"Di Chiara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Padua"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pia","family":"Hardelid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268826101186_r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(24)00236-0"},{"key":"S0950268826101186_r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-042753"},{"key":"S0950268826101186_r28","unstructured":"[28] Public Health England (2021) COVID-19: Impact on Childhood Vaccinations: Data to August 2021.https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/covid-19-impact-on-childhood-vaccinations-data-to-august-2021."},{"key":"S0950268826101186_r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abg4262"},{"key":"S0950268826101186_r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12443"},{"key":"S0950268826101186_r19","unstructured":"[19] NHS England (2024) Hospital Episode Statistics Data Dictionary [cited 2024, 24 July]; https:\/\/digital.nhs.uk\/data-and-information\/data-tools-and-services\/data-services\/hospital-episode-statistics\/hospital-episode-statistics-data-dictionary."},{"key":"S0950268826101186_r22","unstructured":"[22] Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government (2011) English Indices of Deprivation 2010 [cited 2024, 9 October 2024]; https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/statistics\/english-indices-of-deprivation-2010."},{"key":"S0950268826101186_r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2007.10.043"},{"key":"S0950268826101186_r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciae140"},{"key":"S0950268826101186_r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.102660"},{"key":"S0950268826101186_r17","unstructured":"[17] Office for National Statistics (2024) User Guide to Birth Statistics [cited 2025, 2 May]; https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/birthsdeathsandmarriages\/livebirths\/methodologies\/userguidetobirthstatistics."},{"key":"S0950268826101186_r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0285375"},{"key":"S0950268826101186_r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026882300136X"},{"key":"S0950268826101186_r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.11.039"},{"key":"S0950268826101186_r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124104268644"},{"key":"S0950268826101186_r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30485-3"},{"key":"S0950268826101186_r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyx015"},{"key":"S0950268826101186_r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.17418"},{"key":"S0950268826101186_r20","unstructured":"[20] NHS Digital (2019) Hospital Admitted Patient Care Activity 2018\u201319 [cited 2023, 22 November]; https:\/\/digital.nhs.uk\/data-and-information\/publications\/statistical\/hospital-admitted-patient-care-activity\/2018-19."},{"key":"S0950268826101186_r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.41.2300030"},{"key":"S0950268826101186_r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-005331"},{"key":"S0950268826101186_r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004507"},{"key":"S0950268826101186_r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2021-323630"},{"key":"S0950268826101186_r41","unstructured":"[41] Office for Statistics Regulation (2024) Accident and Emergency Statistics Produced by NHS England: Assessment of Compliance with the Code of Practice for Statistics [cited 2026, 27 January]; https:\/\/osr.statisticsauthority.gov.uk\/publication\/accident-and-emergency-statistics-produced-by-nhs-england-assessment-of-compliance-with-the-code-of-practice-for-statistics\/pages\/3\/."},{"key":"S0950268826101186_r21","unstructured":"[21] Gov.uk (2024) List of Ethnic Groups [cited 2024, 3 July]; 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https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/aboutus\/transparencyandgovernance\/freedomofinformationfoi\/migrationbyageandsexfrom2018to2023."}],"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268826101186","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T06:53:30Z","timestamp":1784271210000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268826101186\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["S0950268826101186"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268826101186","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2026. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e33"}}