{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:39:47Z","timestamp":1785418787273,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778630400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":132,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cholera is associated with devastating outbreaks among forcibly displaced people. Insights into the relative contributions of the public (extra-household) and domestic (intra-household) domains to cholera spread in camps, as well as the circumstances under which each may drive transmission, can support the design of response strategies. However, these have yet to be systematically investigated. We developed an agent-based model of cholera transmission in camps informed by a rapid appraisal conducted in Northeast Nigeria, an expert consultation, and humanitarian minimum standards. We simulated outbreaks in a stylized camp that meets water quantity standards and compared this with conditions where water supply is overwhelmed or compromised following floods and population influxes. We found that domestic transmission can exclusively drive cholera outbreaks. However, unless hygiene conditions are extremely poor and water is not adequately chlorinated, these outbreaks appear to be small. Following shocks, outbreaks can be large and progress rapidly. Although they are initially shaped by the public domain, domestic domain transmission can sustain or exacerbate them. We recommend directing humanitarian and development activities towards mitigating the consequences of extreme weather events and unplanned population influxes, as well as developing adaptive preparedness and response strategies that explicitly and comprehensively address them.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268826101575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T07:11:08Z","timestamp":1778656268000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Relative contributions of public and domestic transmission domains in cholera outbreaks in displacement camps: an exploratory agent-based modeling study"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"154","author":[{"given":"Tarek","family":"Jaber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/053zwxr79","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"UNU-MERIT"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02jz4aj89","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Maastricht University"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01deh9c76","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Deltares"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eline","family":"Boelee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01deh9c76","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Deltares"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04pp8hn57","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter Kj\u00e6r Mackie","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/035b05819","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Copenhagen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sake J.","family":"De Vlas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/018906e22","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bartel","family":"Van de Walle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/053zwxr79","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"UNU-MERIT"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268826101575","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T07:01:23Z","timestamp":1783666883000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268826101575\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"alternative-id":["S0950268826101575"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268826101575","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2026. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e97"}}