{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:07:29Z","timestamp":1785434849861,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":173,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Acute otitis media (AOM) is a major driver of paediatric antibiotic prescriptions. We assessed the impact of oral and topical antibiotics on middle ear, nasopharyngeal, and gut microbiome compositions, and the gut resistome, in children with AOM and ear discharge (AOMd). Fifty-eight children with AOMd and ear pain and\/or fever were randomized to oral amoxicillin suspension (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a031) or hydrocortisone-bacitracin-colistin eardrops (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a027) for 7 days. From 57 out of 58 children, baseline, and Week-2 middle ear fluid (MEF) and nasopharyngeal (NP) samples were sequenced, along with baseline, Week-2, and Month-3 faecal samples. At baseline, the top 5 MEF genera were\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Haemophilus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Turicella<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Alloiococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and NP genera\n                    <jats:italic>Moraxella<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Haemophilus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Corynebacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Dolosigranulum.<\/jats:italic>\n                    At Week-2, the ear discharge had resolved in all but four children (oral\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a03, eardrops\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a01). In NP samples, the relative and absolute abundances of\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    decreased to a greater extent after oral than eardrop treatment, but\n                    <jats:italic>Moraxella<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Haemophilus<\/jats:italic>\n                    increased only following oral treatment. Neither treatment significantly altered the faecal microbiome or resistome at Week-2 and Month-3. Therefore, both treatments resolved the middle ear discharge in most children, but oral amoxicillin suspension may reduce NP\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    more than hydrocortisone-bacitracin-colistin eardrops at the cost of potentially increasing other NP pathobionts.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268826101836","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T07:13:49Z","timestamp":1782198829000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The impact of topical or oral antibiotics in children with acute otitis media on their middle ear, nasopharyngeal, and gut microbiomes"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"154","author":[{"given":"Juana","family":"Claus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0575yy874","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ross S.","family":"McInnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03angcq70","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Birmingham"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saskia","family":"Hullegie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0575yy874","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger A. M. J.","family":"Damoiseaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0575yy874","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne G. M.","family":"Schilder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0575yy874","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03r9qc142","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"National Institute for Health Research, University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02jx3x895","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University College London Ear Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janetta","family":"Top","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob","family":"Schuurman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei Ling","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0575yy874","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debby","family":"Bogaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0575yy874","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01nrxwf90","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"The University of Edinburgh College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willem","family":"van Schaik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03angcq70","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Birmingham"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roderick P.","family":"Venekamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0575yy874","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2728-4560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janneke H. H. M.","family":"van de Wijgert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0575yy874","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268826101836","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T05:44:07Z","timestamp":1783575847000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268826101836\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"alternative-id":["S0950268826101836"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268826101836","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2026. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e94"}}