{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:44:13Z","timestamp":1785437053802,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":179,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    On 4 December 2023, trichinellosis cases were notified in Jahliyeh, Mount Lebanon. We investigated to determine the source, magnitude, and control measures. We defined a suspected case as a Jahliyeh resident with \u22651 compatible symptom diagnosed by a physician after 1 October 2023; a probable case as having \u22653 typical symptoms (fever, myalgia, edema, or eosinophilia); and a confirmed case as a suspected or probable case with laboratory confirmation by muscle biopsy or serology. We surveyed reachable households (252\/561) to identify cases and assess meat consumption practices, inspected local butcheries, and tested meat samples. We identified 290 cases: 268 (92%) suspected, 21 (7.2%) probable, and 1 (0.3%) confirmed. Median age was 35 years (range 2\u201385); 34% required hospitalization. Illness was associated with Butchery A meat (risk ratio [RR] = 8.2; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.6\u201312.1) and uncooked meat (RR = 1.9; 95% CI: 1.4\u20132.6), while freezing and cooking were protective. Food inspection revealed major hygiene breaches at Butchery A and\n                    <jats:italic>Trichinella<\/jats:italic>\n                    larvae in minced beef and sausage. This outbreak was epidemiologically confirmed despite limited laboratory confirmation in humans. We recommend strengthening food safety inspections, intersectoral One Health collaboration, laboratory capacity, and public awareness of safe meat preparation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268826101885","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:30:50Z","timestamp":1782693050000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Epidemiological investigation of a large trichinellosis outbreak in Lebanon, October 2023\u2013February 2024"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"154","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2148-7711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hawraa","family":"Sweidan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00wjy0847","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Lebanon Ministry of Public Health"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00s9v1h75","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeanne","family":"El Hage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0499qn039","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute, Fanar-Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadine","family":"Omeirat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00wmm6v75","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"American University of Beirut Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Chaito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00wjy0847","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Lebanon Ministry of Public Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nada","family":"Ghosn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00wjy0847","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Lebanon Ministry of Public Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268826101885","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T10:00:01Z","timestamp":1784541601000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268826101885\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"alternative-id":["S0950268826101885"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268826101885","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2026. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e101"}}