{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T16:55:10Z","timestamp":1786121710572,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":209,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Between 2023 and 2025, four outbreaks of zoonotic\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium parvum<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection involving 39 laboratory-confirmed cases occurred at a single animal-contact visitor attraction in South West England. A retrospective outbreak investigation, incorporating elements of a descriptive case series, was undertaken to identify factors associated with repeated transmission and to draw insights for infection prevention and control. The study integrated epidemiological, veterinary, environmental, and molecular data, including exposure questionnaires, animal faecal testing, environmental sampling, observational assessments, and genotyping of human and animal isolates. Zoonotic\n                    <jats:italic>gp60<\/jats:italic>\n                    subtype IIaA15G2R1 predominated across outbreaks. In the fourth outbreak, identical\n                    <jats:italic>gp60<\/jats:italic>\n                    subtypes and shared multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis alleles in lamb and human samples supported zoonotic transmission. Environmental sampling identified faecal indicator organisms and Shiga toxin-producing\n                    <jats:italic>E.coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    on high-touch surfaces. An observational assessment identified frequent opportunities for faecal\u2013oral exposure during close contact with young ruminants. Despite compliance with industry standards, persistent environmental contamination, in-pen contact, and child behavioural factors were identified as plausible contributors to transmission. These findings highlight the challenges of preventing zoonotic infection in this setting and support refinement of existing guidance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268826101927","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T05:41:21Z","timestamp":1785303681000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Recurrent zoonotic\n                    <i>Cryptosporidium parvum<\/i>\n                    transmission at an animal-contact visitor attraction: insights into infection prevention and control, South West England (2023\u20132025)"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"154","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9686-3181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Sims","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/018h10037","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"UK Health Security Agency"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrienne","family":"Mackintosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0378g3743","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Animal and Plant Health Agency"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9309-7096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel M.","family":"Chalmers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singleton Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6594-2408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guy","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singleton Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4224-004X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Leaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/018h10037","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"UK Health Security Agency"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire E.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/018h10037","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"UK Health Security Agency"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/018h10037","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"UK Health Security Agency"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Brenton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04wbxh769","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Cornwall Council"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/018h10037","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"UK Health Security Agency"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268826101927","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T06:20:54Z","timestamp":1786083654000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268826101927\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"alternative-id":["S0950268826101927"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268826101927","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 Crown Copyright - UK Health Security Agency, 2026. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e108"}}