{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T10:51:36Z","timestamp":1791975096343,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791936000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":286,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101003589 ,101045989"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101003589 ,101045989"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001826","name":"ZonMw","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["09150171910098,10150062010006,10430012010017,10430012010026,10430362210002,10430362220011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["09150171910098,10150062010006,10430012010017,10430012010026,10430362210002,10430362220011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Viral interference between SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory virus infections has been implicated, but symptom-based testing in observational studies may bias estimations. We used individual participant data from ten cohort studies conducted during pandemic years 2020\u20132024 to study virus interference. Respiratory samples were PCR-tested for viruses including SARS-CoV-2. The primary analysis was based on samples collected from cohort participants regardless of respiratory symptoms. A secondary analysis included only symptom-based testing data. We estimated odds ratios for co-occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 with other respiratory viruses. The primary analysis included data from six cohorts (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a01\u00a0023). In total 205 of 2\u00a0465 samples were SARS-CoV-2 positive (8.3%). Co-detections with SARS-CoV-2 occurred less frequently than expected under the assumption of zero interference (OR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.40\u20131.25) for samples positive for another virus. The secondary analysis (five cohorts,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a01\u00a0715) included 2\u00a0088 samples from symptomatic subjects, with 506 SARS-CoV-2 infections (24.2%). The OR of SARS-CoV-2 detection was 0.16 (95% CI: 0.10\u20130.25) for samples positive for another virus. Minimizing selection bias, our results still point towards negative viral interference with SARS-CoV-2, but effect-estimates are weaker and non-significant. Apart from selection bias, the stronger effects found in symptomatic individuals could also indicate that symptomatic infection enhances virus interference.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268826102088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T10:22:55Z","timestamp":1791973375000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Viral interference with SARS-CoV-2 during the COVID-19 pandemic: An individual participant data meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"154","author":[{"given":"Emma S. E. M.","family":"Hauser-van Westrhenen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0575yy874","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University Medical Centre Utrecht"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marieke L. 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