{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T12:58:54Z","timestamp":1791205134764,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1997,8,1]],"date-time":"1997-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":870393600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>During the spring of 1993 an estimated 403000 residents of the \ngreater Milwaukee, Wisconsin \narea experienced gastrointestinal illness due to infection with the \nparasite <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium \nparvum<\/jats:italic> following contamination of the city's water supply. To \ndefine the clinical, laboratory \nand epidemiologic features of outbreak-associated cryptosporidiosis in \nchildren, medical and \nlaboratory records for all children submitting stool samples to the \nmicrobiology laboratory of \nthe Children's Hospital of Wisconsin between 7 April and 13 May 1993 \nwere reviewed retrospectively. Interviews with parents were also conducted to obtain \nadditional clinical \nhistory. <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>, as the sole pathogen, was identified \nin stools from 49 (23%) of the \n209 children enrolled in the study. Children with laboratory-confirmed \ncryptosporidiosis were \nmore likely to live in areas of Milwaukee supplied with contaminated water \n(RR=1\u00b792, \nCI=1\u00b719\u20133\u00b709), to be tested later in their illness \n(<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0\u00b705), to have submitted more than one \nstool specimen (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0\u00b701), to have an underlying disease that \naltered their immune status \n(RR=2\u00b778, CI=1\u00b760\u20134\u00b784), and to be older than \n1 year of age (RR=2\u00b702, CI=1\u00b713\u20133\u00b760). \nClinical illness in these patients was more prolonged and associated \nwith weight loss and \nabdominal cramps compared with <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>-negative children. \nIn the context of this \nmassive waterborne outbreak relatively few children had documented infection with \n<jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>. If many children who tested negative for \nthe parasite were truly infected, as \nthe epidemiologic data suggest, existing laboratory tests for \n<jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> were insensitive, \nparticularly early in the course of illness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268897007589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T09:29:39Z","timestamp":1027762179000},"page":"53-60","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Cryptosporidiosis in children during a massive waterborne \noutbreak in Milwaukee, Wisconsin: clinical, laboratory and epidemiologic findings"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"119","author":[{"given":"H. G.","family":"CICIRELLO","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. S.","family":"KEHL","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. G.","family":"ADDISS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. J.","family":"CHUSID","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. I.","family":"GLASS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. P.","family":"DAVIS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. L.","family":"HAVENS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1997,8,1]]},"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268897007589","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,2]],"date-time":"2019-09-02T12:19:30Z","timestamp":1567426770000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268897007589\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,8]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0950268897007589"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268897007589","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,8]]}}}