{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:18:14Z","timestamp":1792171094121,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,3,1]],"date-time":"1998-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":888710400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We conducted a study to evaluate risk factors for developing typhoid\n \nfever in a setting where \nthe disease is endemic in Karachi, Pakistan. We enrolled 100 cases with\n blood \nculture-confirmed <jats:italic>Salmonella typhi<\/jats:italic> between July and October 1994\n and 200 age-matched \nneighbourhood controls. Cases had a median age of 5\u00b78 years. In\n a conditional logistic \nregression model, eating ice cream (Odds ratio [OR]=2\u00b73;\n \n95% confidence interval [CI] \n1\u00b72\u20134\u00b72, attributable risk [AR]=36%), \neating food from a roadside cabin during the summer \nmonths (OR=4\u00b76, 95% CI 1\u00b76\u201313\u00b70; AR=18%), \ntaking antimicrobials in the 2 weeks \npreceding the onset of symptoms (OR=5\u00b77, 95% CI \n2\u00b73\u201313\u00b79, AR=21%), and drinking \nwater at the work-site (OR=44\u00b70, 95% CI 2\u00b78\u2013680, \nAR=8%) were all independently \nassociated with typhoid fever. There was no difference in the microbiological\n water quality of \nhome drinking water between cases and controls. Typhoid fever in Karachi\n resulted from \nhigh-dose exposures from multiple sources with individual susceptibility\n \nincreased by young age and \nprior antimicrobial use. Improving commercial food hygiene and decreasing\n unnecessary \nantimicrobial use would be expected to decrease the burden of typhoid fever.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268897008558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T09:23:42Z","timestamp":1027761822000},"page":"129-138","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Risk factors for typhoid fever in an endemic setting, Karachi, Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"S. P.","family":"LUBY","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. K.","family":"FAIZAN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. P.","family":"FISHER-HOCH","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"SYED","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. D.","family":"MINTZ","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Z. A.","family":"BHUTTA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. B.","family":"MCCORMICK","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,3,1]]},"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268897008558","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,8]],"date-time":"2019-04-08T15:25:40Z","timestamp":1554737140000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268897008558\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,3]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0950268897008558"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268897008558","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,3]]}}}