{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T14:56:52Z","timestamp":1792853812641,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,10,1]],"date-time":"1998-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":907200000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Data on injecting anabolic steroid users, within the national Unlinked\n Anonymous HIV \nPrevalence Monitoring Survey of injecting drug users (IDUs) were analysed\n to determine their \nrisk of acquiring blood borne viruses. One hundred and forty-nine participants\n who had \ninjected anabolic steroids in the previous month were identified from 1991\u20136,\n contributing \n1\u00b74% of all participation episodes in the survey. Rates \nof needle and syringe sharing by steroid \nusers were low. Three of the 149 (2\u00b70%) had anti-HBc and \nnone had anti-HIV in their salivary \nspecimens. The prevalence of anti-HBc in steroid injectors was significantly\n lower than in \nheroin injectors, 275\/1509 (18%) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0\u00b7001), or in\n amphetamine injectors, \n28\/239 (12%) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0\u00b7001). The risk of blood borne virus\n transmission \namongst these steroid injectors is low, \nprobably due to hygienic use of injecting equipment and low levels of sharing.\n It is important \nto distinguish steroid injectors from other IDUs because they are a distinct\n group in terms of \nlifestyle and injecting practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268898001265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T13:23:42Z","timestamp":1027776222000},"page":"381-386","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["The risk of infection with HIV and hepatitis B in individuals \nwho inject steroids in England and Wales"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"A. C.","family":"CRAMPIN","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. L.","family":"LAMAGNI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V. D.","family":"HOPE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. A.","family":"NEWHAM","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. M.","family":"LEWIS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. V.","family":"PARRY","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O. N.","family":"GILL","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,10,1]]},"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268898001265","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,10]],"date-time":"2019-05-10T20:12:20Z","timestamp":1557519140000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268898001265\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,10]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0950268898001265"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268898001265","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,10]]}}}