{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T04:24:00Z","timestamp":1776831840941,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,12,1]],"date-time":"1998-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":912470400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The domestic environment was investigated for the presence of viruses\n and body fluids that \nmay contain viruses. A range of surfaces in 39 homes (17 visited on 2 occasions)\n were sampled \nby swabbing and analysed using cell culture, reverse transcription polymerase\n chain reaction \nfor enteroviral RNA, haemoglobin as a marker for blood, amylase as an indicator\n of urine, \nsaliva and sweat, and protein as an indicator of general hygiene. Haemoglobin\n was found on \n1\u00b79% of surfaces sampled and of the positive samples 30% were from\n articles frequently \nhandled. Amylase (&gt;5 U\/l) was found in 29\u00b73% of samples tested.\n Protein was found in \n97\u00b78% of samples tested. Enteroviral RNA, indicating the presence\n of virus, was detected in 3 \nout of 448 samples tested; they were from a tap handle, telephone handpiece\n and a toilet bowl. \nNo viruses were isolated in cell culture, however significant problems\n were encountered with \nbacterial and fungal contamination. This work demonstrates that only testing\n environmental \nsamples for bacteria and ATP may not give a total view of the microbiological\n problem in the \nhome. A range of test methods is useful to gain a broad view of the problems\n of hygiene in \nthe home and to allow comparative studies of specific areas such as the\n kitchen and bathroom.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268898001678","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T09:23:42Z","timestamp":1027761822000},"page":"673-680","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Detection of viruses and body fluids which may contain \nviruses in the domestic environment"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"K.","family":"BELLAMY","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K. L.","family":"LABAN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K. E.","family":"BARRETT","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D. C. S.","family":"TALBOT","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,12,1]]},"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268898001678","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,10]],"date-time":"2019-05-10T15:49:11Z","timestamp":1557503351000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268898001678\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,12]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0950268898001678"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268898001678","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,12]]}}}