{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T04:10:52Z","timestamp":1771560652419,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,12,1]],"date-time":"1999-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":944006400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Household members of people with hepatitis C are at increased risk of HCV infection. The \nprevalence and routes of transmission of HCV to household members in Hafizabad, Pakistan \nwere investigated. Household members of 24 index cases were given a risk factor questionnaire, \ntested for HCV infection, and the risk factors between the infected and uninfected were \ncompared. Twelve of 74 household members (16\u00b72%) were seropositive for HCV antibody. \nThis was 2\u00bd times the rate of infection in the general population (OR=2\u00b78; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0\u00b701). None of \nthe routes of transmission studied within the household was associated with an increased risk. \nHousehold members who received more than 4 injections per year were 11\u00b79 times more likely \nto be infected than those who had not (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0\u00b7016). In Hafizabad, the greatest risk for HCV \ninfection to household members of infected people is injections given by health-care workers \nrather than household contact with infected persons.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268899002770","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T13:23:42Z","timestamp":1027776222000},"page":"515-518","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Household members of hepatitis C virus-infected people \nin Hafizabad, Pakistan: infection by injections from \nhealth care providers"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"O.","family":"PASHA","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. P.","family":"LUBY","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. J.","family":"KHAN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. A.","family":"SHAH","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. B.","family":"McCORMICK","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. P.","family":"FISHER-HOCH","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,12,1]]},"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268899002770","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,9]],"date-time":"2019-05-09T19:49:30Z","timestamp":1557431370000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268899002770\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,12]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0950268899002770"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268899002770","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,12]]}}}