{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T23:53:23Z","timestamp":1790466803480,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,4,1]],"date-time":"2000-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":954547200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Failure to seroconvert (primary vaccine failure) is believed to be the principal reason (approx. \n&gt; 95%) why some vaccinees remain susceptible to measles and is often attributed to the \npersistence of maternal antibodies in children vaccinated at a young age. Avidity testing is able \nto separate primary from secondary vaccine failures (waning and\/or incomplete immunity), but \nhas not been utilized in measles epidemiology. Low-avidity (LA) and high-avidity (HA) virus-specific IgG antibodies indicate primary and secondary failure, respectively. Measles vaccine \nfailures (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 142; mean age 10\u00b71 years, range 2\u201322 years) from an outbreak in 1988\u20139 in \nFinland were tested for measles\u2013virus IgG avidity using a protein denaturating EIA. Severity \nof measles was recorded in 89 failures and 169 non-vaccinees (mean age 16\u00b72 years, range 2\u201322 \nyears). The patients with HA antibodies (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 28) tended to have clinically mild measles and \nrapid IgG response. Among failures vaccinated at &lt; 12, 12\u201315 and &gt; 15 months of age with \nsingle doses of Schwarz-strain vaccine in the 1970s, 50 (95% CI 1\u201399), 36 (CI 16\u201356) and 25% \n(CI 8\u201342) had HA antibodies, respectively. When a single measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) \nvaccine had been given after 1982 at 15 months of age, only 7% (CI 0\u201314) showed HA \nantibodies. Omitting re-vaccinees and those vaccinated at &lt; 15 months, Schwarz-strain \nrecipients had 3\u00b76 (CI 1\u00b71\u201311\u00b75) higher occurrence of HA responses compared to MMR \nrecipients. Apart from one municipality, where even re-vaccinees had high risk of primary \ninfection, 89% (CI 69 to \u223c 100) of the infected re-vaccinees had an HA response. Secondary \nmeasles-vaccine failures are more common than was more previously thought, particularly \namong individuals vaccinated in early life, long ago, and among re-vaccinees. Waning \nimmunity \u2013 even among individuals vaccinated after 15 months of age, without the boosting \neffect of natural infections should be considered a relevant possibility in future planning of \nvaccination against measles.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268899003222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T09:23:42Z","timestamp":1027761822000},"page":"263-271","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["Secondary measles vaccine failures identified by measurement \nof IgG avidity: high occurrence among teenagers vaccinated \nat a young age"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"124","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"PAUNIO","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"HEDMAN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"DAVIDKIN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"VALLE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O. P.","family":"HEINONEN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"LEINIKKI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"SALMI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"PELTOLA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,4,1]]},"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268899003222","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,2]],"date-time":"2019-09-02T12:19:34Z","timestamp":1567426774000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268899003222\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,4]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0950268899003222"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268899003222","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,4]]}}}