{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T05:40:12Z","timestamp":1735882812574,"version":"3.32.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Maximum Academic Press","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,2]],"date-time":"2009-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1243900800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":6607,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vis Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Larvae of the tobacco hornworm moth <jats:italic>Manduca sexta<\/jats:italic> were reared on either a carotenoid-supplemented or a carotenoid-deficient diet. The former yields <jats:italic>fortified<\/jats:italic> adults with normal visual function, whereas visual sensitivity and rhodopsin content are reduced by 2\u22124 log units in the compound eyes of the <jats:italic>deprived<\/jats:italic> moths reared on the latter. We characterized the retinoids of fortified retinas and investigated the recovery of visual function in deprived moths that were provided with retinaldehyde as a source of photopigment chromophore. Retinoids were identified and measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Fortified retinas contained mainly 3-hydroxyretinaldehyde (R<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>); 11-cis R<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> predominated in dark-adaptation, all-trans in light-adaptation, indicating that R<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> is the photopigment chromophore. No retinoids could be measured in <jats:italic>deprived<\/jats:italic> eyes. Retinaldehyde (R<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>) was delivered to the retinas of deprived moths by \u201cpainting\u201d solutions of 11-cis or all-trans R<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) on the corneal surfaces of the compound eyes or on the head capsule between the eyes. 11-cis R<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> induced rapid recovery: during 3 days, sensitivity rose to within a log unit of that measured from <jats:italic>fortified<\/jats:italic> animals. By 7 days, sensitivity was close to normal. Although rhodopsin and P-face particle densities of photoreceptor membranes increased, neither rose to the levels found in fortified animals. All-trans R<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> induced only a slight increase in sensitivity that could have resulted from some nonspecific isomerization of the all-trans to the 11-cis isomer; we found no evidence for a retinal isomerase that functions in darkness. Small amounts of R<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> were measured in recovering retinas, indicating some conversion of R<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> to R<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>. However, the chromophore of most of the rhodopsin that was synthesized must have been R<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>. It is possible that rhodopsin did not reach normal levels in the retina even after a week of recovery because the normal chromophore R<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> was not provided. Although the rhodopsin that initially formed in recovering moths may have resulted from the association of the chromophore with pre-existing opsin, the extent of eventual recovery indicates that opsin synthesis was stimulated by 11-cis R<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0952523800001322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,2]],"date-time":"2009-06-02T12:16:18Z","timestamp":1243944978000},"page":"473-479","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["11-cis retinal restores visual function in vitamin A-deficient <i>Manduca<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.48130","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Ruth R.","family":"Bennett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard 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