{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T05:31:36Z","timestamp":1790400696128,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Maximum Academic Press","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,2]],"date-time":"2009-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1243900800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":6576,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vis Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ocular hypopigmentation is associated with neurological defects in structure and function. This paper investigates the ab\/Fute visual thresholds in dark-adapted hypopigmented animals compared to their normally pigmented controls. Here we asked (1) whether the threshold elevation found in hypopigmented animals is a general consequence of the reduction in melanin content; (2) if so, which melanin components in the eye are likely to influence visual thresholds; and (3) whether similar threshold defects can be detected in orders other than rodents. By single-unit recordings from the superior colliculus, we compared incremental thresholds of normal black mice of the C57BL\/6J strain to hypopigmented mutants: beige (<jats:italic>bg\/bg<\/jats:italic>), pale ear (<jats:italic>ep\/ep<\/jats:italic>), and albino (<jats:italic>c<jats:sup>2J<\/jats:sup>\/c<jats:sup>2J<\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic>) mice, three mutants in which melanin pigment throughout the body is affected; and Steel (<jats:italic>Sl\/Sl<jats:sup>d<\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic>) and dorninant-spotting\/W-mice (<jats:italic>W\/W<jats:sup>\u03bd<\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic>), two mutants with normal pigmentation in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) but without any melanin in the choroid or the rest of the body. We found that all mutants had elevated thresholds that varied with the reduction in melanin. The albinos were 25 times less sensitive than black mice, pale ear mice 20 times, beige mice 11 times, and Steel and W-mice 5 times. The mean thresholds of dark-adapted black mice were 0.008 cd\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>. Recordings from rabbits showed a similar impairment of visual sensitivity: incremental thresholds were elevated 40 times in New Zealand-White albino rabbits (0.0008 cd\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) compared to Dutch-Belted pigmented controls (0.00002 cd\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>). Previously, it has been shown that hypopigmented rats have elevated dark-adapted thresholds compared to pigmented controls (Balkema, 1988); here we show that the difference between hypopigmented rats and pigmented controls is not caused by insufficient dark adaptation or excessive variability in the results from albino mutant compared to its control.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Mutations that cause a reduction of ocular melanin pigmentation, regardless of the gene mutated or the mechanism underlying the hypopigmentation, are accompanied by an elevation in visual thresholds which is roughly proportional to the reduction in melanin. Melanin both in the RPE and choroid exert an effect on visual thresholds. Like the defects in optic nerve crossing and eye movements, the effect of melanin on visual thresholds is not restricted to rodents, but is seen in other orders. The threshold impairment in hypopigmented animals cannot be explained by impaired photoprotection, but it points to another physiological action of melanin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s095252380000256x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,2]],"date-time":"2009-06-02T12:17:08Z","timestamp":1243945028000},"page":"577-585","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Impaired visual thresholds in hypopigmented animals"],"prefix":"10.48130","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Grant W.","family":"Balkema","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ursula C.","family":"Dr\u00e4ger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S095252380000256X_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800005794"},{"key":"S095252380000256X_ref053","first-page":"657","article-title":"The retinal pigment epithelium of wild-type (C57BL\/6J +\/+) and pearl mutant (C57BL\/6J pe\/pe) mice","volume":"26","author":"Williams","year":"1985","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science"},{"key":"S095252380000256X_ref012","first-page":"81","article-title":"Dark adaptation in human albinos","volume":"5","author":"Creel","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clinical Vision Science"},{"key":"S095252380000256X_ref031","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mechanisms of accumulation of foreign substances in melanin","volume":"43","author":"Larsson","year":"1979","journal-title":"Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis"},{"key":"S095252380000256X_ref039","first-page":"136","article-title":"The biosynthesis of mammalian melanin","volume":"70","author":"Pawelek","year":"1982","journal-title":"American Scientist"},{"key":"S095252380000256X_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/253203a0"},{"key":"S095252380000256X_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.06-04-01122.1986"},{"key":"S095252380000256X_ref001","first-page":"544","article-title":"Elevated dark-adapted thresholds in albino rodents","volume":"29","author":"Balkema","year":"1988","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science"},{"key":"S095252380000256X_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.46.6.1287"},{"key":"S095252380000256X_ref054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(81)90209-2"},{"key":"S095252380000256X_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1985.0021"},{"key":"S095252380000256X_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.380923"},{"key":"S095252380000256X_ref034","first-page":"1","article-title":"Accumulation of drugs on melanin","volume":"325","author":"Lindquist","year":"1973","journal-title":"Acta Radiologica"},{"key":"S095252380000256X_ref013","first-page":"269","article-title":"Retinogeniculate projections in albino and ocularly hypopigmented rats","volume":"160","author":"Creel","year":"1976","journal-title":"Journal of Comparative Neurology"},{"key":"S095252380000256X_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4835(75)90128-1"},{"key":"S095252380000256X_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-566504-9.50014-3"},{"key":"S095252380000256X_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.29.2.55"},{"key":"S095252380000256X_ref052","first-page":"11","article-title":"Ototoxicity of kanamycin in albino and pigmented guinea pigs","volume":"7","author":"Wasterstrom","year":"1986","journal-title":"American Journal of Otology"},{"key":"S095252380000256X_ref004","first-page":"795","article-title":"Visually evoked eye movements in mouse mutants and inbred strains. 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