{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T18:19:31Z","timestamp":1760897971846,"version":"3.32.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Maximum Academic Press","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,2]],"date-time":"2009-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1243900800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":6484,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vis Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We have examined some of the physiological effects associated with the replacement of extracellular Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> with Li<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> in nominally Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>-free saline in the ventral photoreceptors of the horseshoe crab <jats:italic>Limulus polyphemus<\/jats:italic>. We observed that replacement of Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> saline with Li<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> saline induced larger voltage-activated inward currents with similar voltage dependence. These currents were absent in Tris<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> saline. Anode-break excitation was maintained in Li<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> saline but blocked in Tris<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> saline. Regenerative events associated with quantum bumps in dark-adapted cells illuminated with dim lights were maintained in Li<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> saline. Regenerative events associated with responses to moderately bright illumination were also maintained in Li<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> saline. The post-illumination hyperpolarization associated with the Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\/K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>-exchange pump (Brown &amp; Lisman, 1972) was present after brief exposure to Li<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> saline but disappeared after longer exposure. Following return to Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> saline, the post-illumination hyperpolarization reappeared. We conclude that (1) Li<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> permeates the voltage-dependent Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> channel, G<jats:sub>Na<\/jats:sub>(V), in the photoreceptor plasma membrane; (2) Li<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> supports voltage-activated physiological events normally mediated by Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>; and (3) Li<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> substitution briefly supports and later inhibits the electrogenic effects of the Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\/K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>-exchange pump. The effects of external Li<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> on cellular physiology have implications for the interpretation of other studies employing Li<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> extracellularly.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0952523800004065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,2]],"date-time":"2009-06-02T12:15:58Z","timestamp":1243944958000},"page":"251-258","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effects of external lithium on the physiology of <i>Limulus<\/i> ventral photoreceptors"],"prefix":"10.48130","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Peter M.","family":"O'Day","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cynthia L.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"27968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0952523800004065_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1969.sp008879"},{"key":"S0952523800004065_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/311160a0"},{"key":"S0952523800004065_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.80.6.839"},{"key":"S0952523800004065_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.57.6.723"},{"key":"S0952523800004065_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.79.6.1089"},{"key":"S0952523800004065_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2060587"},{"key":"S0952523800004065_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.03.030180.001041"},{"key":"S0952523800004065_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.93.3.473"},{"key":"S0952523800004065_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.48.2.297"},{"key":"S0952523800004065_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.54.3.289"},{"key":"S0952523800004065_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.71.1.101"},{"key":"S0952523800004065_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.79.2.187"},{"key":"S0952523800004065_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.54.3.310"},{"key":"S0952523800004065_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(82)90249-4"},{"key":"S0952523800004065_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(89)90026-3"},{"key":"S0952523800004065_ref022","unstructured":"Johnson E.C. & O'Day P.M. 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