{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T06:02:10Z","timestamp":1789538530001,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Maximum Academic Press","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,2]],"date-time":"2009-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1243900800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":5266,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vis Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Contrast sensitivity was determined for dyslexic and normal readers. When testing with temporally ramped (i.e. stimuli with gradual temporal onsets and offsets) gratings of 0.6, 4.0, and 12.0 cycles\/deg, we found no difference in contrast sensitivity between dyslexic readers and controls. Using 12.0 cycles\/deg gratings with transient (i.e. abrupt) onsets and offsets, we found that dyslexic individuals had, compared to controls, markedly inferior contrast sensitivity at the shortest stimulus durations (i.e. 17, 34, and 102 ms). This deficit may reflect more sluggish temporal summation. There was no difference in sensitivity to 0.6 cycles\/deg gratings with transient onsets and offsets. Under these conditions, the two groups showed a consistent and equal increase in sensitivity relative to the ramped baseline condition at 0.6 cycles\/deg at the longer stimulus durations. This demonstrates that dyslexic readers have no deficit in their ability to detect stimulus transients, a finding which appears to be inconsistent with a transient system deficit. That detection of the low-frequency stimuli was mediated by the transient system is further indicated by the fact that these stimuli were more susceptible to forward masking than were the high-frequency stimuli. The effects of masking of both high and low spatial-frequency stimuli were about equal for dyslexic readers and controls. This is not in agreement with the transient system deficit theory, according to which one would expect there to be less masking of high spatial-frequency stimuli in the case of dyslexic readers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0952523800007380","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,2]],"date-time":"2009-06-02T11:37:15Z","timestamp":1243942635000},"page":"153-163","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Contrast sensitivity in dyslexia"],"prefix":"10.48130","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Karen","family":"Gross-Glenn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernt C.","family":"Skottun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Glenn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Kushch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Lingua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Dunbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bonnie","family":"Jallad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herbert A.","family":"Lubs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bonnie","family":"Levin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Rabin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lesley A.","family":"Parke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ranjan","family":"Duara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(66)90120-8"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref057","first-page":"137","article-title":"Visual masking as a measure of temporal processing in normal and disabled readers","volume":"4","author":"Williams","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clinical Vision Sciences"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref055","volume-title":"Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised","author":"Wechsler","year":"1981"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.58.000562"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(86)90164-1"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1910407"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref046","first-page":"841","article-title":"Short-term visual information processing in dyslexics","volume":"44","author":"Stanley","year":"1973","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref042","unstructured":"Parke L.A. (1993). Visual hyperacuity in dyslexia. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley."},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref033","first-page":"137","article-title":"Experimental evidence for a transient system deficit in specific reading disability","volume":"61","author":"Lovegrove","year":"1990","journal-title":"American Optometric Association Journal"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(80)90093-7"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7433985"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(78)80053-7"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(78)90079-2"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1973.sp010261"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0055096"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref020","volume-title":"Wide Range Achievement Test","author":"Jastak","year":"1978"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0046317"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00207458509070819"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(78)90005-2"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03205948"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref013","volume-title":"Gray Oral Reading Test","author":"Gray","year":"1967"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.21.5.635"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1809.1976.tb00161.x"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref009","first-page":"923","article-title":"Initial stages of visual information processing in dyslexia","volume":"9","author":"Di Lollo","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.83.1.1"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.18.7943"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1978.46.3c.1047"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0037368"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198705143162003"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00401800"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221947701000614"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref056","volume-title":"Gray Oral Reading Test \u2014 Revised","author":"Wiederholt","year":"1986"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(77)90130-4"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(71)90067-4"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref002","first-page":"29","volume-title":"Handbook of Sensory Physiology","volume":"VII\/4","author":"Baumgardt","year":"1972"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(82)90105-1"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(75)90014-0"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.85.3.618"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(84)90009-5"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(88)90059-0"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(75)90013-9"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03208204"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(75)90200-X"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref034","first-page":"148","volume-title":"Vision and Visual Dyslexia","author":"Lovegrove","year":"1991"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-89949-1.50008-0"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p160215"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref021","volume-title":"Wide Range Achievement Test-Revised","author":"Jastak","year":"1984"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0965(82)90007-8"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref003","first-page":"493","article-title":"Exp\u00e9riences sur la vision","volume":"37","author":"Bloch","year":"1885","journal-title":"Comptes rendu des seances de la Societe de Biologie"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.56.001141"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(75)90196-0"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p170203"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02643298608252677"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref001","first-page":"495","article-title":"The effects of contrast, stimulus duration, and spatial frequency on visible persistence in normal and specifically disabled readers","volume":"7","author":"Badcock","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(81)90186-3"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800006155"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-8914(44)80012-X"},{"key":"S0952523800007380_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p130527"}],"container-title":["Visual Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0952523800007380","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T20:01:53Z","timestamp":1735848113000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0952523800007380\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,1]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0952523800007380"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0952523800007380","relation":{},"ISSN":["0952-5238","1469-8714"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0952-5238","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8714","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 Cambridge University Press 1995","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}