{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T07:50:40Z","timestamp":1760255440926,"version":"3.32.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Maximum Academic Press","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,2]],"date-time":"2009-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1243900800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":4535,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vis Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We examined contrast, direction of motion, and concentration dependencies of the effects of GABAergic and cholinergic antagonists, and anticholinesterases on responses to movement of On\u2014Off directionally selective (DS) ganglion cells of the rabbit's retina. The drugs tested were curare and hexamethonium bromide (cholinergic antagonists), physostigmine (anticholinesterase), and picrotoxin (GABAergic antagonist). They all reduced the cells' directional selectivity, while maintaining their preferred-null axis. However, cholinergic antagonists did not block directional selectivity completely even at saturating concentrations. The failure to eliminate directional selectivity was probably not due to an incomplete blockade of cholinergic receptors. In a extension of a Masland and Ames (1976) experiment, saturating concentrations of antagonists blocked the effects of exogenous acetylcholine or nicotine applied during synaptic blockade. Consequently, a noncholinergic pathway may be sufficient to account for at least some directional selectivity. This putative pathway interacts with the cholinergic pathway before spike generation, since physostigmine eliminated directional selectivity at contrasts lower than those saturating responses. This elimination apparently resulted from cholinergic-induced saturation, since reduction of contrast restored directional selectivity. Under picrotoxin, directional selectivity was <jats:italic>lost<\/jats:italic> in 33% of the cells regardless of contrast. However, 47% <jats:italic>maintained<\/jats:italic> their preferred direction despite saturating concentrations of picrotoxin, and 20% <jats:italic>reversed<\/jats:italic> the preferred and null directions. Therefore, models based <jats:italic>solely<\/jats:italic> on a GABAergic implementation of Barlow and Levick's asymmetric-inhibition model or <jats:italic>solely<\/jats:italic> on a cholinergic implementation of asymmetric-excitation models are not complete models of directional selectivity in the rabbit. We propose an alternate model for this retinal property.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0952523800008749","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,2]],"date-time":"2009-06-02T11:15:16Z","timestamp":1243941316000},"page":"39-54","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Is the input to a GABAergic or cholinergic synapse the sole asymmetry in rabbit's retinal directional selectivity?"],"prefix":"10.48130","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Norberto M.","family":"Grzywacz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John S.","family":"Tootle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franklin R.","family":"Amthor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"27968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0952523800008749_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1984.0086"},{"key":"S0952523800008749_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2188","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1993.69.6.2188","article-title":"Facilitation in directionally selective ganglion cells of the rabbit retina","volume":"69","author":"Grzywacz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"S0952523800008749_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1979.tb11062.x"},{"key":"S0952523800008749_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(84)91167-3"},{"key":"S0952523800008749_ref005","first-page":"508","article-title":"Morphological and physiological basis of starburst-ACh amacrine input to directionally selective (DS) ganglion cells in rabbit retina","volume":"21","author":"Amthor","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuroscience Abstracts"},{"key":"S0952523800008749_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5060","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-16-05060.1996","article-title":"Optical recordings of the effects of cholinergic ligands on neurons in the ganglion cell layer of mammalian retina","volume":"16","author":"Baldridge","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"volume-title":"Applied Multivariate Statistical Analysis","year":"1992","author":"Johnson","key":"S0952523800008749_ref034"},{"key":"S0952523800008749_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(83)90102-5"},{"key":"S0952523800008749_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902800108"},{"key":"S0952523800008749_ref057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800001978"},{"key":"S0952523800008749_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1982.0084"},{"key":"S0952523800008749_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800008105"},{"key":"S0952523800008749_ref054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1978.0075"},{"key":"S0952523800008749_ref060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1470920"},{"volume-title":"Color Science: Concepts and Methods, Quantitative Data and Formulae","year":"1982","author":"Wyszecki","key":"S0952523800008749_ref059"},{"key":"S0952523800008749_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.9.4002"},{"key":"S0952523800008749_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800003953"},{"key":"S0952523800008749_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(87)90431-8"},{"key":"S0952523800008749_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1991.3.3.333"},{"key":"S0952523800008749_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.16.6187"},{"key":"S0952523800008749_ref062","first-page":"139","article-title":"Rod-signal interneurons in the rabbit retina: 1. 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