{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T05:31:24Z","timestamp":1790400684987,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Maximum Academic Press","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,5,20]],"date-time":"2002-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1021852800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":261,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vis Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Previous work suggests that photoreceptor synaptic ribbon length \nand absolute dark-adapted threshold may vary during a 24-h diurnal \ncycle. To test this hypothesis, we examined the length of \nphotoreceptor synaptic ribbons and the dark-adapted threshold \nin black (+\/+) and albino (c<jats:sup>2J<\/jats:sup>\/c<jats:sup>2J<\/jats:sup>) C57BL\/6J \nmice at six times over a 24-h period. Testing began 2 h after \nlight onset (ZT 2:00) and continued at successive 4-h intervals \n(12 h:12 h light:dark). We determined the length of the synaptic \nribbons in frozen sections by labeling them with an antibody \nspecific for synaptic ribbons. Synaptic ribbons vary in length \nat different points in the diurnal cycle in both types of mice, \nbut the synaptic ribbons in black mice are longer than those \nin albino mice by an average of 0.33 \u03bcm. The synaptic ribbons \nof black mice also have a larger response to changes in the \nlight cycle. Ribbon length in black mice ranges from 1.66 \u03bcm \nto 1.4 \u03bcm, whereas ribbon length in albino mice ranges from \n1.32 \u03bcm to 1.25 \u03bcm. The shortest ribbons are evident \n6 h after light onset in both types of mice, whereas the longest \nribbons appear within 2 h after light onset. These changes in \nsynaptic ribbon length support the idea that photoreceptor synaptic \nribbons are dynamic structures whose length changes over a 24-h \ndiurnal cycle. Examining black and albino mice with a water-maze \nbehavioral assay showed that visual thresholds in black and \nalbino mice vary over the 24-h diurnal cycle. The visual thresholds \nof albino mice are elevated compared with black mice at all \ntimes tested. This is consistent with previous findings of visual \nthresholds in hypopigmented mice. The lowest threshold (greatest \nsensitivity) is present 2 h after light onset (ZT 2:00) and \ncorresponds to the time when synaptic ribbons are the longest. \nThe highest threshold is observed 6 h after light onset, the \ntime when synaptic ribbons are shortest. These results show \nthat synaptic ribbon length and visual sensitivity vary together \nin relation to the time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0952523801185123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,11]],"date-time":"2002-12-11T22:09:45Z","timestamp":1039644585000},"page":"789-797","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Diurnal variation in synaptic ribbon length and visual threshold"],"prefix":"10.48130","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"GRANT W.","family":"BALKEMA","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"KATHLEEN","family":"CUSICK","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"TRI-HUNG","family":"NGUYEN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,5,20]]},"container-title":["Visual Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0952523801185123","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T20:00:58Z","timestamp":1735848058000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0952523801185123\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,9]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0952523801185123"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0952523801185123","relation":{},"ISSN":["0952-5238","1469-8714"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0952-5238","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8714","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,9]]},"assertion":[{"name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}