{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T19:56:23Z","timestamp":1760644583355,"version":"3.32.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Maximum Academic Press","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,5]],"date-time":"2002-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1031184000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":127,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vis Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Limulus<\/jats:italic> lateral eyes shed and renew a portion of their \nphotosensitive membrane (rhabdom) daily. Shedding, in many species \nincluding <jats:italic>Limulus<\/jats:italic>, is regulated by complex interactions \nbetween circadian rhythms and light. Little is known about how \ncircadian clocks and photoreceptors communicate to regulate \nshedding. <jats:italic>Limulus<\/jats:italic> photoreceptors do not contain an \nendogenous circadian oscillator, but rely upon efferent outflow \nfrom a central clock for circadian timing. To investigate whether \nthe putative efferent neurotransmitter octopamine (OA) communicates \ncircadian rhythms that prime the lateral eye for transient rhabdom \nshedding, we decoupled photoreceptors from the clock by transecting \nthe lateral optic nerve (contains the retinal efferent fibers). \nOvernight (6 h) intraretinal injections of 40 \u03bcM OA restored \ntransient shedding to lateral eyes with transected nerves to \nlevels comparable to those of intact internal control eyes. \nTo determine whether OA acts alone in communicating circadian \nrhythms that prime the lateral eye for transient shedding, we \n\u201cprimed\u201d eyes with intact nerves for transient shedding \nwith exogenous OA during subjective day. In nature, lateral \neyes shed their rhabdoms only once a day at dawn following \novernight efferent priming. Eyes in animals placed in darkness \nduring subjective day, when the retinal efferents are quiescent, \nand injected for 6 h with 40 \u03bcM OA shed their rhabdoms in \nresponse to a second introduction to light. Untreated control \neyes of the same animals did not. The same results were observed \n<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> in lateral eyes treated similarly. Octopamine \nis the only efferent neurotransmitter\/messenger required to \nmake lateral eyes competent for transient shedding. Phentolamine, \nan OA receptor antagonist, reduced the number of photoreceptors \nprimed for transient shedding and the amount of rhabdom shed \nin those photoreceptors suggesting that OA acts <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> \na specific OA receptor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0952523802192066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,11]],"date-time":"2002-12-11T22:10:44Z","timestamp":1039644644000},"page":"283-297","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Central regulation of photosensitive membrane turnover in \nthe lateral eye of <i>Limulus<\/i>. I. Octopamine primes the \nretina for daily transient rhabdom shedding"],"prefix":"10.48130","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"RASHMI V.","family":"KHADILKAR","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"JOHN R.","family":"MYTINGER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"LAURA E.","family":"THOMASON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"SCOTT L.","family":"RUNYON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"KEVIN J.","family":"WASHICOSKY","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"ROBERT N.","family":"JINKS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"27968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,5]]},"container-title":["Visual Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0952523802192066","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T20:01:12Z","timestamp":1735848072000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0952523802192066\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,5]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0952523802192066"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0952523802192066","relation":{},"ISSN":["0952-5238","1469-8714"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0952-5238"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1469-8714"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2002 Cambridge University Press","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}