{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,9]],"date-time":"2025-11-09T07:30:34Z","timestamp":1762673434853,"version":"3.32.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Maximum Academic Press","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,1]],"date-time":"2004-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1088640000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vis Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The retinal dopaminergic system is a global regulator of retinal \nfunction. Apart from the fact that the rates of dopamine synthesis and \nrelease are increased by increasing illumination, the visual image \nparameters that influence dopaminergic function are mostly unknown. \nRoles for spatial and temporal frequency and image contrast are \nsuggested by the effects of form-deprivation with a diffusing goggle. \nForm-deprivation reduces the rates of dopamine synthesis and release, \nand induces myopia, which is prevented by dopamine agonists. Our \npurpose here was to identify visual stimulus parameters that activate \ndopaminergic amacrine cells and elicit dopamine release. White Leghorn \ncockerels 4\u20137 days old were exposed to 2 h of form-deprivation, \nreduced light intensity, or stimuli of varied temporal or spatial \nfrequency. Activation of dopaminergic neurons, labeled for tyrosine \nhydroxylase (TH), was assessed with immunocytochemistry for c-Fos, and \ndopamine release was measured by HPLC analysis of dopamine metabolite \naccumulation in the vitreous body. Form-deprivation did not reduce TH+ \ncell activation or vitreal dopamine metabolite accumulation any more \nthan did neutral-density filters of approximately equal transmittance. \nTH+ cell activation and vitreal metabolite accumulation were not \naffected significantly by exposure to 2, 5, 10, 15, or 20 Hz \nstroboscopic stimulation on a dark background, or by sine-wave gratings \nof 0.089, 0.44, 0.89, 1.04, or 3.13 cycles\/deg compared to a \nuniform gray target of equal mean luminance. These data indicate that \nthe retinal dopaminergic system does not respond readily to short-term \nchanges in visual stimulus parameters, other than light intensity, \nunder the conditions of these experiments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0952523804214110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,8]],"date-time":"2004-12-08T21:06:18Z","timestamp":1102539978000},"page":"627-635","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Spatial, temporal, and intensive determinants of dopamine release \nin the chick retina"],"prefix":"10.48130","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"W.A.","family":"LUFT","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.M.","family":"IUVONE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W.K.","family":"STELL","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"27968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0952523804214110_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(00)00081-X"},{"key":"S0952523804214110_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.1997.tb01764.x"},{"key":"S0952523804214110_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W\u00fclle, I. , Kirsch, M. , & Wagner, H.-J. (1990).Cyclic changes in dopamine and DOPAC content, and tyrosinehydroxylase activity in the retina of a cichlid fish.Brain Research 515,163\u2013167.","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(90)90591-X"},{"key":"S0952523804214110_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumer, S.C. & Vrana, K.E. (1996).Intricate regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase activity and geneexpression.Journal of Neurochemistry 67,443\u2013462.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1996.67020443.x"},{"key":"S0952523804214110_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.2.704"},{"key":"S0952523804214110_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800012153"},{"key":"S0952523804214110_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iuvone, P.M. , Galli, C.L. , Garrison-Gund, C.K. , & Neff, N.H. (1978a).Light stimulates tyrosine hydroxylase activity and dopaminesynthesis in retinal amacrine cells.Science 202,901\u2013902.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.30997"},{"key":"S0952523804214110_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/11167"},{"key":"S0952523804214110_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800000547"},{"key":"S0952523804214110_ref012","unstructured":"Iuvone, P.M. , Galli, C.L. , & Neff, N.H. (1978b).Retinal tyrosine hydroxylase: Comparison of short-term andlong-term stimulation by light.Molecular Pharmacology 14,1212\u20131219."},{"key":"S0952523804214110_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)00221-7"},{"key":"S0952523804214110_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00305728"},{"key":"S0952523804214110_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(89)90096-9"},{"key":"S0952523804214110_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3131879"},{"key":"S0952523804214110_ref015","unstructured":"Iuvone, P.M. , Tigges, M. , Stone, R.A. , Lambert, S. , & Laties, A.M. (1991).Effects of apomorphine, a dopamine receptor agonist, on ocularrefraction and axial elongation in a primate model of myopia.Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 32,1674\u20131677."},{"key":"S0952523804214110_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-328X(90)90068-O"},{"key":"S0952523804214110_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(95)00370-6"},{"key":"S0952523804214110_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Voigt, T. & W\u00e4ssle, H. (1987).Dopaminergic innervation of AII amacrine cells in mammalian retina.Journal of Neuroscience 7,4115\u20134128.","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.07-12-04115.1987"},{"key":"S0952523804214110_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2001.00145.x"},{"key":"S0952523804214110_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(98)00068-8"},{"key":"S0952523804214110_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(93)90005-H"},{"key":"S0952523804214110_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800004673"},{"key":"S0952523804214110_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manglapus, M.K. , Iuvone, P.M. , Underwood, H. , Pierce, M.E. , & Barlow, R.B. (1999).Dopamine mediates circadian rhythms of rod\u2013cone dominance inthe Japanese quail retina.Journal of Neuroscience 19,4132\u20134141.","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-10-04132.1999"},{"key":"S0952523804214110_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Witkovsky, P. , Gabriel, R. , Haycock, J.W. , & Meller, E. (2000).Influence of light and neural circuitry on tyrosine hydroxylasephosphorylation in the rat retina.Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy 19,105\u2013116.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-0618(00)00055-7"},{"key":"S0952523804214110_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(93)90008-4"},{"key":"S0952523804214110_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903010310"},{"key":"S0952523804214110_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1998.0590"},{"key":"S0952523804214110_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pendrak, K. , Nguyen, T. , Lin, T. , Capehart, C. , Zhu, X. , & Stone, R.A. (1996).Retinal dopamine in the recovery from experimental myopia.Current Eye Research 16,152\u2013157.","DOI":"10.1076\/ceyr.16.2.152.5090"},{"key":"S0952523804214110_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(94)91084-7"},{"key":"S0952523804214110_ref025","unstructured":"Megaw, P. (1998).The Neurological Control of Eye-Growth.Ph.D. Thesis,La Trobe University,Bendigo, Australia."},{"key":"S0952523804214110_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01188404"},{"key":"S0952523804214110_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80478-X"},{"key":"S0952523804214110_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teakle, E.M. , Wildsoet, C.F. , & Vaney, D.I. (1993).The spatial organization of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactiveamacrine cells in the chicken retina and the consequences ofmyopia.Vision Research 33,2383\u20132396.","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(93)90117-F"},{"key":"S0952523804214110_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(90)90113-O"},{"key":"S0952523804214110_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teranishi, T. , Negishi, K. , & Kato, S. (1983).Dopamine modulates S-potential amplitude and dye-coupling betweenexternal horizontal cells in carp retina.Nature 301,243\u2013246.","DOI":"10.1038\/301243a0"},{"key":"S0952523804214110_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1982.tb07997.x"},{"key":"S0952523804214110_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(89)90555-6"},{"key":"S0952523804214110_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(98)00028-5"},{"key":"S0952523804214110_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/328632a0"},{"key":"S0952523804214110_ref020","unstructured":"Kolb, H. , Netzer, E. , & Ammerm\u00fcller, J. (1997).Neural circuitry and light responses of the dopamine amacrine cell ofthe turtle retina.Molecular Vision 3(6):\u3008http:\/\/www.molvis.org\/molvis\/v3\/a6\/\u3009."},{"key":"S0952523804214110_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.59.000604"},{"key":"S0952523804214110_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tagliati, M. , Bodis-Wollner, I. , Kovanecz, I. , & Stanzione, P. (1994).Spatial frequency tuning of the monkey pattern ERG depends on D2receptor-linked action of dopamine.Vision Research 34,2051\u20132057.","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)90316-6"},{"key":"S0952523804214110_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(91)90092-J"},{"key":"S0952523804214110_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Witkovsky, P. , Stone, S. , & Tranchina, D. (1989).Photoreceptor to horizontal cell synaptic transfer in theXenopus retina: Modulation by dopamine ligands and a circuitmodel for interactions of rod and cone inputs.Journal of Neurophysiology 62,864\u2013881.","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1989.62.4.864"},{"key":"S0952523804214110_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(82)90639-7"},{"key":"S0952523804214110_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800010142"}],"container-title":["Visual Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0952523804214110","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T20:02:18Z","timestamp":1735848138000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0952523804214110\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,7]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0952523804214110"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0952523804214110","relation":{},"ISSN":["0952-5238","1469-8714"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0952-5238"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1469-8714"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2004 Cambridge University Press","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}