{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T18:37:54Z","timestamp":1778697474850,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Maximum Academic Press","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,2]],"date-time":"2005-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1122940800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":93,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vis Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The negative feedback from horizontal cells to cone photoreceptors \ncontributes to the formation of the receptive-field surround in cone \nphotoreceptors. Recently, studies on the modulation of voltage-gated \nCa<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> currents in cone photoreceptors have led to great progress \nin our understanding of the mechanism of horizontal-cone feedback. Another \nhighly probable hypothesis is that GABA mediates this feedback. This \nhypothesis is supported by the facts that cone photoreceptors respond to \nGABA and that horizontal cells release GABA. However, GABA-mediated \nsynaptic inputs from horizontal cells to cone photoreceptors have not been \ndemonstrated. In the present study, we examined whether cone \nphotoreceptors receive GABAergic inputs from horizontal cells using a \nslice patch technique in the turtle retina. When 1 mM of GABA was applied \nto the cone photoreceptors, GABA-induced currents were activated. \nGABA-induced currents reversed their polarity at the equilibrium potential \nof Cl<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>. The application of 30 \u03bcM of SR95531, an \nantagonist of GABA<jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub> receptors, alone did not produce any change \nin the holding currents. When 200 \u03bcM of pentobarbital was introduced \nto potentiate the GABAergic inputs to the cone photoreceptors, however, \nthe inhibitory action of SR95531 on GABAergic inputs became detectable. \nThe amplitude of the GABAergic inputs, potentiated by pentobarbital, \nincreased when the horizontal cells were depolarized by the application of \n20 \u03bcM of kainate, while the amplitude decreased when the horizontal \ncells were hyperpolarized by the application of 10 \u03bcM of CNQX. When \nthe cone photoreceptors were voltage clamped at a potential at which the \nvoltage-gated Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> current was inactive, horizontal-cone \nfeedback was not observed. However, the horizontal-cone feedback became \ndetectable when the GABAergic inputs to the cone photoreceptors were \npotentiated by pentobarbital. We concluded that the contribution of \nGABAergic inputs from horizontal cells to cone pedicles in the formation \nof the receptive-field surround in cone photoreceptors is very limited but \nthat the modulation of voltage-gated Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> currents in cone \nphotoreceptors is a physiologically relevant mechanism for horizontal-cone \nfeedback.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0952523805223076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,3]],"date-time":"2005-08-03T16:27:25Z","timestamp":1123086445000},"page":"317-324","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["GABA-mediated component in the feedback response of turtle retinal \ncones"],"prefix":"10.48130","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"T.","family":"TATSUKAWA","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"HIRASAWA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"KANEKO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"KANEDA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"27968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0952523805223076_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwartz, E.A. (1987).Depolarization without calcium can release gamma-aminobutyric acidfrom retinal neuron.Science 238,350\u2013355.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2443977"},{"key":"S0952523805223076_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rabow, L.E. , Russek, S. , & Farb, D.H. (1995).From ion currents to genomic analysis: Recent advances inGABAA receptor research.Synapse 21,189\u2013274.","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.890210302"},{"key":"S0952523805223076_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ohtsuka, T. (1985).Relation of spectral types to oil droplets in cones of turtleretina.Science 229,874\u2013877.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.4023716"},{"key":"S0952523805223076_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yazulla, S. & Kleinschmidt, J. (1982).Dopamine blocks carrier-mediated release of GABA from retinalhorizontal cells.Brain Research 233,211\u2013215.","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(82)90944-1"},{"key":"S0952523805223076_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baylor, D.A , Fuortes, M.G. , & O'Bryan, P.M. (1971).Receptive fields of cones in the retina of the turtle.Journal of Physiology 214,265\u2013294.","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1971.sp009432"},{"key":"S0952523805223076_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ohtsuka, T. (1984).Fluorescence from colorless oil droplets: A new criterion foridentification of cone photoreceptors.Neuroscience Letters 52,241\u2013245.","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(84)90168-X"},{"key":"S0952523805223076_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaneda, M. , Wakamori, M. , & Akaike, N. 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(1980).Characteristics and ionic processes involved in feedback spikes ofturtle cones.Proceedings of the Royal Society B (London) 206,439\u2013463."},{"key":"S0952523805223076_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akaike, N. & Kaneda, M. (1989).Glycine-induced chloride current in acutely isolated rathypothalamic neurons.Journal of Neurophysiology 62,1400\u20131409.","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1989.62.6.1400"},{"key":"S0952523805223076_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akaike, N. , Inomata, N. , & Yakushiji, T. (1989).Differential effects of extra- and intracellular anions onGABA-activated currents in bullfrog sensory neurons.Journal of Neurophysiology 62,1388\u20131399.","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1989.62.6.1388"},{"key":"S0952523805223076_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marc, R.E. , Stell, W.K. , Bok, D. , & Lam, D.M.K. 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