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This adaptive mechanism involves calcitriol enhancement via parathyroid hormone stimulation. Bone is also highly affected. Low Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> intake is considered a risk factor for osteoporosis. Patients with renal lithiasis may be at higher risk of recurrence of stone formation when they have low Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> intake. The role of dietary Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> on the regulation of lipid metabolism and lipogenic genes in adipocytes might explain an inverse relationship between dairy intake and BMI. Dietary Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> restriction produces impairment of the adipocyte apoptosis and dysregulation of glucocorticosteroid metabolism in the adipose tissue. An inverse relationship between hypertension and a low-Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> diet has been described. Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> facilitates weight loss and stimulates insulin sensitivity, which contributes to the decrease in the blood pressure. There is also evidence that dietary Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> is associated with colorectal cancer. Dietary Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> could alter the ratio of faecal bile acids, reducing the cytotoxicity of faecal water, or it could activate Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>-sensing receptors, triggering intracellular signalling pathways. Also it could bind luminal antigens, transporting them into mucosal mononuclear cells as a mechanism of immunosurveillance and promotion of tolerance. Data relative to nutritional Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> and incidences of other human cancers are controversial. 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