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Investigated conditions included dermatopathies (dogs\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 7), osteoarthritis (dogs\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 7, cats\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 2), cardiovascular diseases (dogs\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 7), dyslipidaemias (dogs\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 1), gastroenteropathies (dogs\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 2), chronic kidney disease (dogs\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 2, cats\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 3), cognitive impairment (dogs\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 4, cats\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 1), and behavioural disorders (dogs\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 3). When possible, dosages were standardised to mg\/kg using available data on food intake and EPA\/DHA concentrations. The minimum and maximum ranges of EPA and DHA, along with their ratios, were as follows: for dermatology 0\u00b799\u201343 mg\/kg EPA and 0\u00b766\u201330 mg\/kg DHA (ratio 1\u00b74\u20133\u00b74); for osteoarthritis 48\u2013100 mg\/kg EPA and 20\u201332 mg\/kg DHA (ratio 1\u00b75\u20133\u00b74); cardiology 27\u201354\u00b72 mg\/kg EPA and 18\u201340\u00b76 mg\/kg DHA (ratio 1\u00b73\u20131\u00b75); dyslipidaemia 58\u00b78 mg\/kg EPA and 45\u00b74 mg\/kg DHA (ratio 1\u00b73); cognition (1\/5 studies) 225 mg\/kg EPA and 90 mg\/kg DHA (ratio 2\u00b75); behaviour (1\/3) 31 mg\/kg EPA and 45 mg\/kg DHA (ratio 0\u00b77). Nephrology and oncology studies lacked sufficient data for calculation. Gastrointestinal diseases do not appear to benefit from omega-3 supplementation, likely due to inflammation-related malabsorption, although few adverse effects were reported in dogs. Other enteropathy studies were low-quality (case reports\/series). The lowest omega-6\/omega-3 ratio with anti-inflammatory effect was 1:3\u00b775, and the highest was 5\u00b75:1. In conclusion, the reviewed EPA and DHA doses appear effective for atopic dermatitis, osteoarthritis, cardiac disease, hyperlipidaemia, and cognitive and behavioural disorders. Further research is needed to clarify efficacy in gastrointestinal and oncological conditions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0954422425100115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T04:02:51Z","timestamp":1749614571000},"page":"859-874","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Exploring the efficacy and optimal dosages of omega-3 supplementation for companion animals"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4457-8392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thiago Henrique Annibale","family":"Vendramini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"name":"University of S\u00e3o Paulo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro Henrique","family":"Marchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of S\u00e3o Paulo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo Fernando Gomes","family":"Olivindo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of S\u00e3o Paulo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivian","family":"Pedrinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of S\u00e3o Paulo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andressa Rodrigues","family":"Amaral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of S\u00e3o Paulo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana Santos de","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of S\u00e3o Paulo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonardo Andrade","family":"Pr\u00edncipe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of S\u00e3o Paulo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cinthia Gon\u00e7alves Lenz","family":"Cesar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of S\u00e3o Paulo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael Vessecchi Amorim","family":"Zafalon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of S\u00e3o Paulo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana Pamplona","family":"Perini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of S\u00e3o Paulo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"La\u00eds Oyama Cotrim","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of S\u00e3o Paulo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00falio Cesar de Carvalho","family":"Balieiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of S\u00e3o Paulo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3240-0343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcio Antonio","family":"Brunetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0954422425100115_ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2008\/132960"},{"key":"S0954422425100115_ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/01.pdr.0000182188.31596.5a"},{"key":"S0954422425100115_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.249.11.1267"},{"key":"S0954422425100115_ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2014.90"},{"key":"S0954422425100115_ref172","first-page":"976","article-title":"A diet supplemented with polyphenols, prebiotics and omega-3 fatty acids modulates the intestinal microbiota and improves the profile of metabolites linked with anxiety in dogs","volume":"11","author":"Ephraim","year":"2022)","journal-title":"Biology (Basel)"},{"key":"S0954422425100115_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.2013.770837"},{"key":"S0954422425100115_ref124","first-page":"1","article-title":"Treatment and outcomes of dogs with hepatocutaneous syndrome or hepatocutaneous-associated hepatopathy","author":"Loftus","year":"2021)","journal-title":"J. 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