{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:43:59Z","timestamp":1792025039447,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,1]],"date-time":"2005-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1130803200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":61,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dev Psychopathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a behavioral \nsyndrome that arises in early childhood, often co-occurs with conduct \ndisorder and leads, developmentally, to antisocial behavior and substance \nabuse. Models from cognitive and affective neuroscience have been invoked \nin an effort to understand the development of ADHD, leading to a broad \narray of interrelated theories and hypothesized mechanisms. In this paper, \nwe highlight core mechanisms that may cut across several theories and \nconstructs, and thus provide some leverage for further study and \nconceptualization from a neuroscience perspective. We emphasize the joint \noperations of frontostriatal and frontocerebellar neural loops in \ndetecting and predicting\n                    <jats:italic>what<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>when<\/jats:italic>\n                    important events \nin the environment will occur and their interaction with frontoamygdala \nloops in assigning emotional significance to these events. We note that \nweaknesses in the development of these basic operations could lead to \ndecrement in the development of cognitive and affective control and other \nmental operations mediated by prefrontal cortex during development. In \nturn, such decrement could lead to many of the phenotypic cognitive and \nneuropsychological features seen in children with ADHD.\n                    <jats:fn>\n                      <jats:p>This work was supported by National Institute of Mental Health \nGrants R01-MH59105 and R01-MH63146 to J.T.N. and NIMH R01 MH63255 and NIDA \nR21 DA15882 to B.J.C.<\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:fn>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0954579405050376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,6]],"date-time":"2008-06-06T06:18:00Z","timestamp":1212733080000},"page":"785-806","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":348,"title":["An integrative theory of attention-deficit\/ hyperactivity \ndisorder based on the cognitive and affective neurosciences"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"JOEL T.","family":"NIGG","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. J.","family":"CASEY","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weill Medical College of Cornell \nUniversity"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0954579405050376_ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montague, P. R. , Dayan, P. , & Sejnowski, T. J. (1996).A framework for mesencephalic dopamine systems based on predictiveHebbian learning.The Journal of Neuroscience 16,1936\u20131947.","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-05-01936.1996"},{"key":"S0954579405050376_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oosterlaan, J. , Logan, G. D. , & Sergeant, J. A. 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