{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T12:20:31Z","timestamp":1789820431773,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,1]],"date-time":"2005-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1130803200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":61,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dev Psychopathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Reflective thinking occurs when information stored in long-term memory \n(LTM) is not sufficient to allow one to respond \n\u201cautomatically\u201d to an object or event. Instead, stored \ninformation must be entered into working memory and a novel response or \nsolution produced. In this article I argue that mental imagery plays a \ncentral role in this process, and that over the course of normal cognitive \ndevelopment the process of reflective thinking \u201cprograms\u201d LTM \nso that an increasingly large number of tasks can be performed without \nreflective thinking. Normal cognitive development thus results in a \ndecreasing reliance on imagery. However, if highly emotional images are \nformed, additional retrieval cues can be entered into LTM, making such \nimages more likely to occur in the future. Such images induce arousal, \nsimilar to that induced by the actual event. This line of thinking leads \nto a novel perspective on the neurocognitive deficits that underlie the \ndevelopment of posttraumatic stress disorder, and may also help to explain \nsome symptoms seen in hyperactivity, impulsiveness, and difficulties in \nself-control.\n                    <jats:fn>\n                      <jats:p>The work summarized in this \npaper was supported in part by NSF ROLE Grant REC-0106760 and NIH Grant 5 \nR01 MH60734. Portions of this article were adapted from a draft of Kosslyn \n(2005). I thank the Editors and Robin Rosenberg \nfor helpful comments on earlier drafts.<\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:fn>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0954579405050406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,6]],"date-time":"2008-06-06T06:18:00Z","timestamp":1212733080000},"page":"851-863","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Reflective thinking and mental imagery: A perspective on the \ndevelopment of posttraumatic stress disorder"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"STEPHEN M.","family":"KOSSLYN","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0954579405050406_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.102.1.152"},{"key":"S0954579405050406_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.21.4.848"},{"key":"S0954579405050406_ref038","unstructured":"Prins, A. , Kaloupek, D. G. , & Keane, T. M. (1995).Psychophysiological evidence for autonomic arousal and startle intraumatized adult populations. In M. J. Friedman , D. S. Charney , & A. Y. Deutch (Eds.),Neurobiological and clinical consequences of stress: From normaladaptation to post-traumatic stress disorder (pp.291\u2013314).Philadelphia, PA:Lippincott\u2013Raven."},{"key":"S0954579405050406_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.283.5408.1657"},{"key":"S0954579405050406_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.91.2.269"},{"key":"S0954579405050406_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.61.2.168"},{"key":"S0954579405050406_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1996.01830050014003"},{"key":"S0954579405050406_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35090055"},{"key":"S0954579405050406_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Logan, G. D. , & Etherton, J. L. 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