{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T00:49:29Z","timestamp":1793321369442,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,9]],"date-time":"2006-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1155081600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dev Psychopathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A model of the development of hostile attributional style and its role \nin children's aggressive behavior is proposed, based on the \ntranslation of basic science in ethology, neuroscience, social psychology, \npersonality psychology, and developmental psychology. Theory and findings \nfrom these domains are reviewed and synthesized in the proposed model, \nwhich posits that (a) aggressive behavior and hostile attributions are \nuniversal human characteristics, (b) socialization leads to the \ndevelopment of benign attributions, (c) individual differences in \nattributional style account for differences in aggressive behavior, and \n(d) interventions to change attributions have the potential to alter \nantisocial development. Challenges for future research are described.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0954579406060391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,21]],"date-time":"2008-04-21T07:15:01Z","timestamp":1208762101000},"page":"791-814","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":540,"title":["Translational science in action: Hostile attributional style and the \ndevelopment of aggressive behavior problems"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"KENNETH A.","family":"DODGE","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dodge, K. A. , Bates, J. E. , & Pettit, G. S. (1990).Mechanisms in the cycle of violence.Science,250,1678\u20131683.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2270481"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref140","unstructured":"Wegener, D. T. , & Petty, R. E. (1996).Effects of mood on persuasion processes: Enhancing, reducing, andbiasing scrutiny of attitude-relevant information. In L. L. Martin & A. Tesser (Eds.),Striving and feeling: Interactions between goals and affect(pp.329\u2013362).Mahwah, NJ:Erlbaum."},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monteith, M. J. , Sherman, J. , & Devine, P. G. (1998).Suppression as a stereotype control strategy.Personality and Social Psychology Review,2,63\u201382.","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327957pspr0201_4"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruner, J. S. (1957).On perceptual readiness.Psychological Review,64,123\u2013152.","DOI":"10.1037\/h0043805"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dodge, K. A. (1980).Social cognition and children's aggressive behavior.Child Development,51,162\u2013170.","DOI":"10.2307\/1129603"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stromquist, V. J. , & Strauman, T. J. (1992).Children's social constructs: II. Nature, assessment, andassociation with adaptive and maladaptive behavior.Social Cognition,9,330\u2013358.","DOI":"10.1521\/soco.1991.9.4.330"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref105","unstructured":"Mischel, W. (1999).Personality coherence and dispositions in acognitive\u2013affective personality system (CAPS) approach. In D. Cervone & Y. Shoda (Eds.),The coherence of personality: Social\u2013cognitive bases ofconsistency, variability, and organization (pp.37\u201360).New York:Guilford Press."},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zajonc, R. (1965).Social facilitation.Science,149,269\u2013274.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.149.3681.269"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref125","unstructured":"Scott, J. P. (1972).Hostility and aggression. In B. Wolman (Ed.),Handbook of genetic psychology.Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice\u2013Hall."},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref107","unstructured":"Moyer, K. (1976).The psychobiology of aggression.New York:Harper & Row."},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group .(2002b).Using the Fast Track Randomized Prevention Trial to test the earlystarter model of the development of serious conduct problems.Development and Psychopathology,14,927\u2013945.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579402004133"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref085","unstructured":"Jones, E. E. , Kanouse, D. E. , Kelley, H. H. , Nisbett, R. E. , Valins, S. , & Weiner, B. (Eds.).(1971).Attribution: Perceiving the causes of behavior.Morristown, NJ:General Learning Press."},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wellman, H. H. , Phillips, A. T. , & Rodriquez, T. (2000).Young children's understanding of perceptions, desire, andemotion.Child Development,71,895\u2013912.","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00198"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dodge, K. A. , & Tomlin, A. (1987).Cue utilization as a mechanism of attributional bias in aggressivechildren.Social Cognition,5,280\u2013300.","DOI":"10.1521\/soco.1987.5.3.280"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen, M. A. (1998).The monetary value of saving a high-risk youth.Journal of Quantitative Criminology,14,5\u201333.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023092324459"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref023","unstructured":"Cervone, D. , & Shoda, Y. (1999).The coherence of personality: Social\u2013cognitive bases ofconsistency, variability, and organization.New York:Guilford Press."},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref009","unstructured":"Bowlby, J. (1980).Attachment and loss: Vol. 3. Loss.New York:Basic Books."},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref075","unstructured":"Hartup, W. W. , & deWit, J. (1974).The development of aggression: Problems and perspectives.In J. DeWit & W. W. Hartup (Eds.),Determinants and origins of aggressive behavior (pp.595\u2013615).The Hague:Mouton."},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dodge, K. A. , Murphy, R. R. , & Buchsbaum, K. (1984).The assessment of intention-cue detection skills in children:Implications for developmental psychopathology.Child Development,55,163\u2013173.","DOI":"10.2307\/1129842"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burks, V. S. , Laird, R. D. , Dodge, K. A. , Pettit, G. S. , & Bates, J. E. (1999).Knowledge structures, social information processing, andchildren's aggressive behavior.Social Development,8,220\u2013236.","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9507.00092"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Posner, M. I. , & Rothbart, M. K. (2005).Influencing brain networks: Implications for education.Trends in Cognitive Science,9,99\u2013103.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2005.01.007"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chandler, M. J. , Greenspan, S. , & Barenboim, C. (1974).Assessment and training of role-taking and referential communicationskills in institutionalized emotionally disturbed children.Developmental Psychology,10,546\u2013553.","DOI":"10.1037\/h0036735"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sukhodolsky, D. G. , Golub, A. , Stone, E. C. , & Orban, L. (2005).Dismantling anger control training for children: A randomized pilotstudy of social problem-solving versus social skills trainingcomponents.Behavior Therapy,36,15\u201323.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(05)80050-4"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dodge, K. A. , & Pettit, G. S. (2003).A biopsychosocial model of the development of chronic conductproblems in adolescence.Developmental Psychology,39,349\u2013371.","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.39.2.349"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref120","unstructured":"Rule, B. G. (1974).The hostile and instrumental functions of human aggression.In W. W. Hartup & J. deWit (Eds.),Determinants and origins of aggressive behaviors.The Hague:Mouton."},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graham, S. , & Juvonen, J. (1998).Self-blame and peer victimization in middle school: An attributionalanalysis.Developmental Psychology,34,587\u2013599.","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.34.3.587"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson, D. A. (1999).The aggregate burden of crime.Journal of Law and Economics,42,611\u2013642.","DOI":"10.1086\/467436"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lochman, J. E. , & Dodge, K. A. (1998).Distorted perceptions in dyadic interactions of aggressive andnonaggressive boys: Effects of prior expectations, context, and boys'age.Development and Psychopathology,10,495\u2013512.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579498001710"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darley, J. M. , Klossen, E. C. , & Zanna, M. P. (1978).Intentions and their contexts in the moral judgments of children andadults.Child Development,49,66\u201374.","DOI":"10.2307\/1128594"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dodge, K. A. , Lochman, J. E. , Harnish, J. D. , Bates, J. E. , & Pettit, G. S. (1997).Reactive and proactive aggression in school children andpsychiatrically impaired chronically assaultive youth.Journal of Abnormal Psychology,106,37\u201351.","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.106.1.37"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devine, P. G. (1989).Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlledcomponents.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,56,5\u201318.","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.56.1.5"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Quervain, D. J.-F. , Fischbacher, U. , Treyer, V. , Schellhammer, M. , Schnyder, U. , Buck, A., et al.(2004).The neural basis of altruistic punishment.Science,305,1254\u20131258.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1100735"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lochman, J. E. (1987).Self- and peer perceptions and attributional biases of aggressiveand nonaggressive boys in dyadic interactions.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,55,404\u2013410.","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-006X.55.3.404"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simon, H. A. (1957).Models of man.New York:Wiley.","DOI":"10.2307\/2550441"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dollard, J. , Doob, L. W. , Miller, N. E. , Mowrer, O. H. , & Sears, R. R. (1939).Frustration and aggression.New Haven, CT:Yale University Press.","DOI":"10.1037\/10022-000"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref092","unstructured":"Kogan, N. , & Wallach, M. (1967).Risk taking as a function of the situation, the person, and thegroup.New Directions in Psychology, III.New York:Holt, Rinehart, & Winston."},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group .(2002a).Evaluation of the first three years of the Fast Track PreventionTrial with children at high risk for adolescent conduct problems.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,30,19\u201335.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014274914287"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref019","unstructured":"Cantor, N. , & Kihlstrom, J. F. (Eds.).(1981).Personality, cognition, and social interaction.Hillsdale, NJ:Erlbaum."},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref110","unstructured":"Nisbett, R. E. , & Cohen, D. (1996).Culture of honor: The psychology of violence in the South.Boulder, CO:Westview Press."},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guerra, N. G. , & Slaby, R. G. (1990).Cognitive mediators of aggression in adolescent offenders: 2.Intervention.Developmental Psychology,26,269\u2013277.","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0012-1649.26.2.269"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref089","unstructured":"Kelley, H. H. (1971).Attribution in social interaction. In E. E. Jones & H. H. Kelley (Eds.),Causal schemata and the attribution process.Morristown, NJ:General Learning Press."},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dodge, K. A. , Lansford, J. E. , Burks, V. S. , Bates, J. E. , Pettit, G. S. , Fontaine, R., et al.(2003).Peer rejection and social information-processing factors in thedevelopment of aggressive behavior problems in children.Child Development,74,374\u2013393.","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.7402004"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dodge, K. A. , & Somberg, D. R. (1987).Hostile attributional biases among aggressive boys are exacerbatedunder conditions of threats to the self.Child Development,58,213\u2013224.","DOI":"10.2307\/1130303"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pastore, N. (1952).The role of arbitrariness in the frustration\u2013aggressionrelation.Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology,47,728\u2013731.","DOI":"10.1037\/h0060884"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Markus, H. (1977).Self-schemata and processing of information about the self.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,35,63\u201378.","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.35.2.63"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milich, R. , & Dodge, K. A. (1984).Social information processing in child psychiatricpopulations.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,12,471\u2013489.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00910660"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref128","unstructured":"Shonkoff, J. P. , & Phillips, D. A. (Eds.).(2000).From neurons to neighborhoods: The science of early childhooddevelopment.Washington, DC:National Academy Press."},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref109","unstructured":"Neimark, E. D. (1982).Adolescent thought: Transitions to formal operations. In B. B. Wolman & G. Stricker (Eds.),Handbook of developmental psychology (pp.486\u2013502).Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice\u2013Hall."},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kahneman, D. , & Tversky, A. (1973).On the psychology of prediction.Psychological Review,80,237\u2013251.","DOI":"10.1037\/h0034747"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pollak, S. D. , & Tolley-Schell, S. A. (2003).Selective attention to facial emotion in physically abusedchildren.Journal of Abnormal Psychology,112,323\u2013338.","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.112.3.323"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schult, C. A. (2002).Children's understanding of the distinction between intentionsand desires.Child Development,73,1727\u20131747.","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.t01-1-00502"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bugental, D. B. , Ellerson, P. C. , Lin, E. K. , Rainey, B. , Kokotovic, A. , & O'Hara, N. (2002).A cognitive approach to child abuse prevention.Journal of Family Psychology,16,243\u2013258.","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-3200.16.3.243"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kahneman, D. , & Tversky, A. (1982).The simulation heuristic. In D. Kahneman , P. Slovic , & A. Tversky (Eds.),Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases.New York:Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511809477"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weiss, B. , Dodge, K. A. , Bates, J. E. , & Pettit, G. S. (1992).Some consequences of early harsh discipline: Child aggression and amaladaptive social information processing style.Child Development,63,1321\u20131335.","DOI":"10.2307\/1131558"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCrae, R. R. , & Costa, P. T., Jr. (1997).Personality trait structure as a human universal.American Psychologist,52,509\u2013516.","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.52.5.509"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bretherton, I. (1999).Updating the \u201cinternal working model\u201d construct: Somereflections.Attachment and Human Development,3,343\u2013357.","DOI":"10.1080\/14616739900134191"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Castro, B. O. , Veerman, J. W. , Koops, W. , Bosch, J. D. , & Monshouwer, H. J. (2002).Hostile attribution of intent and aggressive behavior: Ameta-analysis.Child Development,73,916\u2013934.","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00447"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref144","unstructured":"Wyer, R. S. (1981).An information-processing perspective on social attribution.In J. H. Harvey , W. Ickes , & R. F. Kidd (Eds.),New directions in attribution research(Vol. 3).Hillsdale, NJ:Erlbaum."},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dodge, K. A. , & Coie, J. D. (1987).Social-information-processing factors in reactive and proactiveaggression in children's peer groups.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,53,1146\u20131158.","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.53.6.1146"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref020","unstructured":"Cantor, N. , & Kihlstrom, J. F. (1982).Cognitive and social processes in personality. In G. T. Wilson & C. Franks (Eds.),Contemporary behavior therapy (pp.142\u2013201).New York:Guilford Press."},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Epstein, S. , & Taylor, S.P. (1967).Instigation to aggression as a function of degree of defeat andperceived aggressive intent of the opponent.Journal of Personality,35,265\u2013289.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1967.tb01428.x"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Festinger, L. (1957).A theory of cognitive dissonance.Evanston, IL:Row Peterson.","DOI":"10.1515\/9781503620766"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slovic, P. , Fischoff, B. , & Lichtenstein, S. (1979).Rating the risks.Environment,21,14\u201339.","DOI":"10.1080\/00139157.1979.9933091"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ellis, B. J. , Essex, M. J. , & Boyce, W. T. (2005).Biological sensitivity to context: II. Empirical explorations of anevolutionary-developmental theory.Development and Psychopathology,17,303\u2013328.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579405050157"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boyce, W. T. , & Ellis, B. J. (2005).Biological sensitivity to context: I. Anevolutionary\u2013developmental theory of the origins and functions ofstress reactivity.Development and Psychopathology,17,271\u2013301.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579405050145"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McClure, S. M. , Laibson, D. I. , Loewenstein, G. , & Cohen, J. D. (2004).Separate neural systems value immediate and delayed monetaryrewards.Science,306,503\u2013507.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1100907"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dodge, K. A. , & Frame, C. L. (1982).Social cognitive biases and deficits in aggressive boys.Child Development,53,620\u2013635.","DOI":"10.2307\/1129373"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Snyder, M. , Tanke, E. D. , & Berscheid, E. (1977).Social perception and interpersonal behavior: On the self-fulfillingnature of social stereotypes.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,35,656\u2013666.","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.35.9.656"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hudley, C. A. , & Graham, S. (1993).An attributional intervention to reduce peer-directed aggressionamong African-American boys.Child Development,64,124\u2013138.","DOI":"10.2307\/1131441"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nasby, W. , Hayden, B. , & DePaulo, B. M. (1980).Attributional bias among aggressive boys to interpret unambiguoussocial stimuli as displays of hostility.Journal of Abnormal Psychology,89,459\u2013468.","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.89.3.459"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huesmann, L. R. (1988).An information-processing model for the development ofaggression.Aggressive Behavior,14,13\u201324.","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2337(1988)14:1<13::AID-AB2480140104>3.0.CO;2-J"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simon, H. A. (1967).Motivational and emotional controls of cognition.Psychological Review,74,29\u201339.","DOI":"10.1037\/h0024127"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waldman, I. D. (1996).Aggressive boys' hostile perceptual and response biases: Therole of attention in impulsivity.Child Development,67,1015\u20131033.","DOI":"10.2307\/1131877"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dodge, K. A. , Coie, J. D. , & Lynam, D. (2006).Aggression and antisocial behavior in youth. In W. Damon (Series Ed.) & N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed.),Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, andpersonality development(6th ed., pp.719\u2013788).New York:Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470147658.chpsy0312"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darley, J. M. , & Fazio, R. H. (1980).Expectancy confirmation processes arising in the social interactionsequence.American Psychologist,35,867\u2013881.","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0003-066X.35.10.867"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Comodeca, M. , & Goossens, F. A. (2004).Aggression, social cognitions, anger and sadness in bullies andvictims.Development and Psychopathology,14,186\u2013197.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00347.x"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zelli, A. , Dodge, K. A. , Lochman, J. E. , Laird, R. D. , & Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group .(1999).The distinction between beliefs legitimizing aggression and deviantprocessing of social cues: Testing measurement validity and the hypothesisthat biased processing mediates the effects of beliefs onaggression.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,77,150\u2013166.","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.77.1.150"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, E. E. , & Davis, K. E. (1965).From acts to dispositions: The attribution process in personperception.Advanced Experimental Social Psychology,2,219\u2013276.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(08)60107-0"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dodge, K. A. , Price, J. M. , Bachorowski, J. A. , & Newman, J. P. (1990).Hostile attributional biases in severely aggressiveadolescents.Journal of Abnormal Psychology,99,385\u2013392.","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.99.4.385"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buss, A. H. (1966).Instrumentality of aggression, feedback, and frustration asdeterminants of physical aggression.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,3,153\u2013162.","DOI":"10.1037\/h0022826"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldberg, L. R. (1993).The structure of phenotypic personality traits.American Psychologist,48,26\u201334.","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.48.1.26"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fenigstein, A. (1979).Self-consciousness, self-attention, and social interaction.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,37,75\u201386.","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.37.1.75"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref143","unstructured":"Werner, H. (1948).Comparative psychology of mental development.Chicago:Follett."},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref011","unstructured":"Bowlby, J. (1988).A secure base: Clinical applications of attachment theory.London:Tavistock\/Routledge."},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heider, F. (1958).The psychology of interpersonal relations.New York:Wiley.","DOI":"10.1037\/10628-000"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref031","unstructured":"Costanzo, P. R. , & Dix, T. H. (1983).Beyond the information processed: Socialization in the developmentof attributional processes. In E. T. Higgins , N. N. Ruble , & W. W. Hartup (Eds.),Social cognition and social development: A socioculturalperspective (pp.63\u201381).Cambridge:Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwartz, D. , Dodge, K. A. , Coie, J. D. , Hubbard, J. A. , Cillessen, A. H. , Lemerise, E. A., et al.(1998).Social\u2013cognitive and behavioral correlates of aggression andvictimization in boys' play groups.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,26,431\u2013440.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022695601088"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adams, R. B., Jr. , Gordon, H. L. , Baird, A. A. , Ambady, N. , & Kleck, R. E. (2003).Effects of gaze on amygdala sensitivity to anger and fearfaces.Science,300,1536.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1082244"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hartup, W. W. (1974).Aggression in childhood: Developmental perspectives.American Psychologist,29,336\u2013341.","DOI":"10.1037\/h0037622"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref010","unstructured":"Bowlby, J. (1982).Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment(2nd ed.).New York:Basic Books."},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costanzo, P. R. , Grumet, J. F. , & Brehm, S. S. (1974).The effects of choice and source of constraint on children'sattributions of preference.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,10,352\u2013364.","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1031(74)90031-6"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feldman, E. , & Dodge, K. A. (1987).Social information processing and sociometric status: Sex, age, andsituational effects.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,15,211\u2013227.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00916350"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref090","unstructured":"Kenny, D. A. (1994).Interpersonal perception: A social relations analysis.New York:Guilford Press."},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barefoot, J. C. , Dodge, K. A. , Peterson, B. L. , Dahlstrom, W. G. , & Williams, R. B., Jr. (1989).The Cook\u2013Medley hostility scale: Item content and ability topredict survival.Psychosomatic Medicine,51,46\u201357.","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-198901000-00005"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dodge, K. A. , Pettit, G. S. , McClaskey, C. L. , & Brown, M. (1986).Social competence in children.Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development,51(Serial No. 213).","DOI":"10.2307\/1165906"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ross, L. (1977).The intuitive psychologist and his shortcomings: Distortions in theattribution process. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.),Advances in experimental social psychology(Vol. 10, pp.174\u2013214).Orlando:Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(08)60357-3"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cassidy, J. , Kirsh, S. J. , Scolton, K. , & Parke, R. D. (1996).Attachment and representations of peer relationships.Developmental Psychology,32,892\u2013904.","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0012-1649.32.5.892"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caspi, A. , McClay, J. , Moffitt, T. E. , Mill, J. , Martin, J. , Craig, I. W., et al.(2002).Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreatedchildren.Science,297,851\u2013854.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1072290"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waas, G. A. (1988).Social attributional biases of peer-rejected and aggressivechildren.Child Development,59,969\u2013992.","DOI":"10.2307\/1130263"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pepitone, A. , & Sherberg, J. (1957).Intentionality, responsibility, and interpersonal attraction.Journal of Personality,25,757\u2013766.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1957.tb01564.x"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dodge, K. A. , & Newman, J. P. (1981).Biased decision-making processes in aggressive boys.Journal of Abnormal Psychology,90,375\u2013379.","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.90.4.375"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graham, S. , & Hudley, C. (1994).Attributions of aggressive and nonaggressive African-American maleearly adolescents: A study of construct accessibility.Developmental Psychology,30,365\u2013373.","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.30.3.365"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref126","unstructured":"Selman, R. L. (1976).Toward a structural analysis of developing interpersonal relationsconcepts: Research with normal and disturbed preadolescent boys.In A. D. Pick (Ed.),Minnesota Symposium on Child Psychology(Vol. 10).Minneapolis, MN:University of Minnesota Press."},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ziv, Y. , Oppenheim, D. , & Sagi-Schwartz, A. (2004).Social information processing in middle childhood: Relations toinfant\u2013mother attachment.Attachment and Human Development,6,327\u2013348.","DOI":"10.1080\/14616730412331281511"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref146","unstructured":"Zelli, A. , & Dodge, K. A. (1999).Personality development from the bottom up. In D. Cervone & Y. Shoda (Eds.),The coherence of personality: Social\u2013cognitive bases ofpersonality consistency, variability, and organization (pp.94\u2013126).New York:Guilford Press."},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref093","unstructured":"Lemerise, E. A. , & Dodge, K. A. (2000).The development of anger and hostile interactions. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland-Jones (Eds.),Handbook of emotions(2nd ed., pp.594\u2013606).New York:Guilford Press."},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dodge, K. A. , Laird, R. , Lochman, J. E. , Zelli, A. , & CPPRG .(2002).Multidimensional latent-construct analysis of children's socialinformation processing patterns: Correlations with aggressive behaviorproblems.Psychological Assessment,14,60\u201373.","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.14.1.60"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref078","unstructured":"Higgins, E. T. (1990).Personality, social psychology, and person\u2013situationrelations: Standards and knowledge activation as a common language.In L. A. Pervin (Ed.),Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp.301\u2013338).New York:Guilford Press."},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref067","unstructured":"Flavell, J. H. , & Miller, P. H. (1998).Social cognition. InHandbook of child psychology (pp.851\u2013898).New York:Wiley."},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lochman, J. E. , Lampron, L. B. , & Rabiner, D. L. (1989).Format and salience effects in the social problem-solving ofaggressive and nonaggressive boys.Journal of Clinical Child Psychology,18,230\u2013236.","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp1803_5"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slaby, R. G. , & Guerra, N. G. (1988).Cognitive mediators of aggression in adolescent offenders: 1.Assessment.Developmental Psychology,24,580\u2013588.","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.24.4.580"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knutson, B. (2004).Sweet revenge? Science,305,1246\u20131247.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1102822"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dodge, K. A. , & Price, J. M. (1994).On the relation between social information processing and sociallycompetent behavior in early school-aged children.Child Development,65,1385\u20131397.","DOI":"10.2307\/1131505"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rabiner, D. L. , Lenhart, L. , & Lochman, J. E. (1990).Automatic versus reflective social problem solving in relation tochildren's sociometric status.Developmental Psychology,26,1010\u20131016.","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.26.6.1010"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref065","unstructured":"Feshbach, S. (1970).Aggression. In P. H. Mussen (Ed.),Carmichael's manual of child psychology (pp.159\u2013259).New York:Wiley."},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rkqvist, K. , & \u00d6sterman, K. (2001).At what age do children learn to discriminate between act andactor? Perceptual and Motor Skills,92,171\u2013176.","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.2001.92.1.171"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref008","unstructured":"Bowlby, J. (1973).Attachment and loss: Vol. 2. Separation.New York:Basic Books."},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref079","unstructured":"Hochberg, J. (1970).Attention, organization, and consciousness. In D. I. Mustofsky (Ed.),Attention: Contemporary theory and analysis (pp.99\u2013124).New York:Appleton\u2013Century\u2013Crofts."},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dodge, K. A. , Pettit, G. S. , Bates, J. E. , & Valente, E. (1995).Social information-processing patterns partially mediate the effectof early physical abuse on later conduct problems.Journal of Abnormal Psychology,104,632\u2013643.","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.104.4.632"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref088","unstructured":"Kanouse, D. E. , & Hanson, L.R. (1971).Negativity in evaluations. In E. E. Jones , D. E. Kanouse , H. H. Kelley , R. E. Nisbett , S. Valins , & B. Weiner (Eds.),Attribution: Perceiving the causes of behavior (pp.47\u201362).Morristown, NJ:General Learning Press."},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petty, R. E. , Wegener, D. T. , & Fabrigar, L. R. (1997).Attitudes and attitude change.Annual Review of Psychology,48,609\u2013647.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.48.1.609"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref076","unstructured":"Hay, D. F. (2005).The beginnings of aggression in infancy. In R. E. Tremblay , W. W. Hartup , & J. Archer (Eds.),Developmental origins of aggression (pp.107\u2013132).New York:Guilford Press."},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MacBrayer, E. K. , Milich, R. , & Hundley, M. (2003).Attributional biases in aggressive children and theirmothers.Journal of Abnormal Psychology,112,698\u2013708.","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.112.4.598"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Price, J. M. , & Dodge, K. A. (1989).Reactive and proactive aggression in childhood: Relations to peerstatus and social context dimensions.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,17,455\u2013471.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00915038"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref039","unstructured":"Dell Fitzgerald, P. , & Asher, S. R. (1987).Aggressive-rejected children's attributional biases about likedand disliked peers.Paper presented at the 95th Annual Convention of the AmericanPsychological Association, New York."},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crick, N. R. , & Dodge, K. A. (1996).Social information-processing mechanisms in reactive and proactiveaggression.Child Development,67,993\u20131002.","DOI":"10.2307\/1131875"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group .(1992).A developmental and clinical model for the prevention of conductdisorders: The FAST Track Program.Development and Psychopathology,4,509\u2013527.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400004855"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tversky, A. , & Kahneman, D. (1973).Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency andprobability.Cognitive Psychology,5,207\u2013232.","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(73)90033-9"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref042","unstructured":"Dodge, K. A. (1991).The structure and function of reactive and proactiveaggression. In D. J. Pepler & K. H. Rubin (Eds.),The development and treatment of childhood aggression (pp.201\u2013218).Hillsdale, NJ:Erlbaum."},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gurwitz, S. B. , & Dodge, K. A. (1975).Adults' evaluations of a child as a function of sex of adultand sex of child.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,32,822\u2013828.","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-3514.32.5.822"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref003","unstructured":"Bandura, A. (1973).Aggression: A social learning analysis.Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice\u2013Hall."},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dawes, R. M. (1964).Social selection based on multidimensional criteria.Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology,68,104\u2013109.","DOI":"10.1037\/h0047832"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nix, R. L. , Pinderhughes, E. E. , Dodge, K. A. , Bates, J. E. , Pettit, G. S. , & McFadyen-Ketchum, S. A. (1999).The relation between mothers' hostile attribution tendenciesand children's externalizing behavior problems: The mediating role ofmothers' harsh discipline practices.Child Development,70,896\u2013909.","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00065"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mayer, J. D. , & Hanson, E. (1995).Mood-congruent judgment over time.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,21,237\u2013244.","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167295213005"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dyck, R. J. , & Rule, B. G. (1978).Effect of retaliation on causal attributions concerningattack.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,36,521\u2013529.","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.36.5.521"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graham, S. , Hudley, C. , & Williams, E. (1992).Attributional and emotional determinants of aggression amongAfrican-American and Latino young adolescents.Developmental Psychology,28,731\u2013740.","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.28.4.731"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref084","unstructured":"Jones, E. E. , & Nisbett, R. E. (1971).The actor and the observer: Divergent perceptions of the causes ofbehavior. In E. E. Jones , D. E. Kanouse , H. H. Kelley , R.E. Nisbett , S. Valins , & B. Weiner (Eds.),Attribution: Perceiving the causes of behavior (pp.79\u201394).Morristown, NJ:General Learning Press."},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref097","unstructured":"Lorenz, K. (1966).On aggression.New York:Harcourt."},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steinberg, M. D. , & Dodge, K. A. (1983).Attributional bias in aggressive adolescent boys and girls.Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology,1,312\u2013321.","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.1983.1.4.312"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref025","unstructured":"Clore, G. L. , Schwarz, N. S. , & Conway, M. (1994).Affective causes and consequences of social informationprocessing. In R. S. Wyer, Jr. , & T. K. Srull (Eds.),Handbook of social cognition: Vol. 1. Basic processes (pp.323\u2013477).Hillsdale, NJ:Erlbaum."},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burks, V. S. , Dodge, K. A. , Price, J. M. , & Laird, R. D. (1999).Internal representational models of peers: Implications for thedevelopment of problematic behavior.Developmental Psychology,35,802\u2013810.","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0012-1649.35.3.802"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sancilio, F. M. , Plumert, J. M. , & Hartup, W. W. (1989).Friendship and aggressiveness as determinants of conflict outcomesin middle childhood.Developmental Psychology,25,812\u2013819.","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0012-1649.25.5.812"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bandura, A. (1999).Moral disengagement in the perpetration of inhumanities.Personality and Social Psychology Review,3,193\u2013209.","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327957pspr0303_3"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rule, B. G. , & Duker, P. (1973).The effects of intentions and consequences on children'sevaluations of aggression.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,27,184\u2013189.","DOI":"10.1037\/h0034771"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref006","unstructured":"Berkowitz, L. (1963).Aggression: A social psychological analysis.New York:McGraw\u2013Hill."},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref127","unstructured":"Shank, R. C. , & Abelson, R. P. (1995).Knowledge and memory: The real story. In R. S. Wyer (Ed.),Knowledge and memory: The real story. Advances in SocialCognition(Vol. 8, pp.1\u201385).Hillsdale, NJ:Erlbaum."},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mackie, D. M. , & Hamilton, D. L. (Eds.).(1993).Affect, cognition, and stereotyping: Interactive processes in groupperception.New York:Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-088579-7.50020-X"},{"key":"S0954579406060391_ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hubbard, J. A. , Dodge, K. A. , Cillessen, A. H. , Coie, J. D. , & Schwartz, D. (2001).The dyadic nature of social information processing in boys'reactive and proactive aggression.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,80,268\u2013280.","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.80.2.268"}],"container-title":["Development and Psychopathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0954579406060391","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T05:18:14Z","timestamp":1789017494000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0954579406060391\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,9]]},"references-count":148,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0954579406060391"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0954579406060391","relation":{},"ISSN":["0954-5794","1469-2198"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0954-5794","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-2198","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,9]]}}}