{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T00:27:27Z","timestamp":1790468847754,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,25]],"date-time":"2006-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1161734400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dev Psychopathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The clinical characteristics and adaptive functioning of preschoolers \nwho met\n                    <jats:italic>DSM-IV<\/jats:italic>\n                    criteria for bipolar disorder versus psychiatric \nand healthy comparison groups were investigated. A community-based sample \nof 303 preschoolers (3\u20136 years of age) and their caregivers was \nascertained. Diagnostic classification based on parent report of mania \nsymptoms was made using an age-appropriate psychiatric interview. Results \nindicated that 26 preschoolers met\n                    <jats:italic>DSM-IV<\/jats:italic>\n                    criteria for bipolar \ndisorder who could be identified based the presence of 13 core \nage-adjusted mania items. These children could be clearly differentiated \nfrom children in two psychiatric groups (\n                    <jats:italic>DSM-IV<\/jats:italic>\n                    disruptive \ndisorders, and major depressive disorder) and a \u201chealthy\u201d \ncomparison group based on a specific symptom constellation. Findings \nindicated that preschoolers in the bipolar group were significantly more \n(\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; .05) impaired than the two psychiatric and healthy groups \nbased on independent measures. Further, even after controlling for \ncomorbid attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (81% comorbidity \nrate), the bipolar group remained significantly (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; .05) more \nimpaired in multiple domains compared to preschoolers with\n                    <jats:italic>DSM-IV<\/jats:italic>\n                    disruptive disorders and healthy controls. Findings suggested that \nchildren as young as 3 years can manifest\n                    <jats:italic>DSM-IV<\/jats:italic>\n                    bipolar disorder \nwhen age adjusted symptom descriptions are employed, and that these \nchildren can be distinguished from healthy and disruptive disordered \npreschoolers. Recommendations for future research in this area that \nintegrates developmental and mental health models are made.\n                    <jats:fn>\n                      <jats:p>We gratefully acknowledge Edward Spitznagel for \nhis statistical consultation. We are also grateful to the The Early \nEmotional Development Program staff, our preschool participants and their \nparents, and community recruiting sites whose participation and \ncooperation made this research possible. Funding for the study of \npreschool depression was provided by NIMH Grant NIMH R01 MH64769-01 (to \nJ.L.).<\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:fn>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0954579406060482","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,25]],"date-time":"2006-10-25T17:21:00Z","timestamp":1161796860000},"page":"971-988","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Defining and validating bipolar disorder in the preschool \nperiod"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"JOAN","family":"LUBY","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ANDY","family":"BELDEN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0954579406060482_ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shipman, K. , & Zeman, J. 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