{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T18:33:35Z","timestamp":1791916415923,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,25]],"date-time":"2006-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1161734400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dev Psychopathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Rate, risk, and predictors of switching from \nattention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to a prepubertal and \nearly adolescent bipolar I disorder phenotype (PEA-BP-I) were examined in \na blindly rated, controlled, prospective 6-year follow-up that included \nassessments at 2-year intervals. Subjects were outpatients obtained by \nconsecutive new case ascertainment. There were 81 subjects who were 9.7 \n\u00b1 2.0 years. Subjects had\n                    <jats:italic>DSM-IV<\/jats:italic>\n                    ADHD (hyperactive or \ncombined subtypes); a Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS) score \nof \u226460, consistent with moderate\u2013severe impairment; and no BP or \nmajor depressive disorder (MDD) diagnoses. PEA-BP-I was defined as\n                    <jats:italic>DSM-IV<\/jats:italic>\n                    BP I (manic or mixed phase), with cardinal symptoms \n(elation and\/or grandiosity), to avoid diagnosing mania by symptoms \nthat overlapped with those of ADHD, and by a CGAS score of \u226460. Morbid \nrisk of switching to PEA-BP-I was 28.5%. Significant predictors of \nswitching in a multivariate Cox model were more severe baseline CGAS, \npaternal recurrent MDD, and\n                    <jats:italic>less<\/jats:italic>\n                    stimulant use. BP I in \nfirst-degree relatives, antidepressants, psychosocial measures, and life \nevents were not predictive.\n                    <jats:fn>\n                      <jats:p>This work was \nsupported by National Institute of Mental Health Grants R01 MH-53063 and \nR01 MH-57451 (to B.G.).<\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:fn>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0954579406060512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,25]],"date-time":"2006-10-25T17:21:00Z","timestamp":1161796860000},"page":"1037-1053","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Controlled study of switching from \nattention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder to a prepubertal and early \nadolescent bipolar I disorder phenotype during 6-year prospective \nfollow-up: Rate, risk, and predictors"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"REBECCA","family":"TILLMAN","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington University, St. Louis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"BARBARA","family":"GELLER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington University, St. Louis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0954579406060512_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kraemer, H. 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(2001).Adult psychosocial outcome of prepubertal major depressivedisorder.Journal of the American Academy of Child & AdolescentPsychiatry,40,673\u2013677.","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200106000-00012"},{"key":"S0954579406060512_ref011","unstructured":"Geller, B. (2006).Dilemmas in diagnosing child bipolar disorders.Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American PsychiatricAssociation, Toronto."},{"key":"S0954579406060512_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tillman, R. , Geller, B. , Bolhofner, K. , Craney, J. L. , Williams, M. , & Zimerman, B. (2003).Ages of onset and rates of syndromal and subsyndromal comorbidDSM-IV diagnoses in a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolardisorder phenotype.Journal of the American Academy of Child & AdolescentPsychiatry,42,1486\u20131493.","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200312000-00016"},{"key":"S0954579406060512_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geller, B. , Zimerman, B. , Williams, M. , Bolhofner, K. , Craney, J. L. , DelBello, M. P., et al.(2001).Reliability of the Washington University in St. Louis KiddieSchedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (WASH-U-K-SADS) maniaand rapid cycling sections.Journal of the American Academy of Child & AdolescentPsychiatry,40,450\u2013455.","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200104000-00014"},{"key":"S0954579406060512_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geller, B. , Tillman, R. , Craney, J. L. , & Bolhofner, K. (2004).Four-year prospective outcome and natural history of mania inchildren with a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorderphenotype.Archives of General Psychiatry,61,459\u2013467.","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.61.5.459"},{"key":"S0954579406060512_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geller, B. , Badner, J. A. , Tillman, R. , Christian, S. L. , Bolhofner, K. , & Cook, E. H., Jr. (2004).Linkage disequilibrium of the brain-derived neurotrophic factorVal66Met polymorphism in children with a prepubertal and early adolescentbipolar disorder phenotype.American Journal of Psychiatry,161,1698\u20131700.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.9.1698"},{"key":"S0954579406060512_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luby, J. , & Belden, A. (2006).Defining and validating bipolar disorder in the preschoolperiod.Development and Psychopathology,18,971\u2013988.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579406060482"},{"key":"S0954579406060512_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geller, B. , Zimerman, B. , Williams, M. , Bolhofner, K. , Craney, J. L. , Delbello, M. P., et al.(2000a).Diagnostic characteristics of 93 cases of a prepubertal and earlyadolescent bipolar disorder phenotype by gender, puberty and comorbidattention deficit hyperactivity disorder.Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology,10,157\u2013164.","DOI":"10.1089\/10445460050167269"},{"key":"S0954579406060512_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tillman, R. , Geller, B. , Nickelsburg, M. J. , Bolhofner, K. , Craney, J. L. , DelBello, M. P., et al.(2003).Life events in a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorderphenotype compared to attention-deficit hyperactive and normalcontrols.Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology,13,243\u2013251.","DOI":"10.1089\/104454603322572570"},{"key":"S0954579406060512_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geller, B. , Zimerman, B. , Williams, M. , Bolhofner, K. , Craney, J. L. , DelBello, M. P., et al.(2000b).Six-month stability and outcome of a prepubertal and earlyadolescent bipolar disorder phenotype.Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology,10,165\u2013173.","DOI":"10.1089\/10445460050167278"}],"container-title":["Development and Psychopathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0954579406060512","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T05:14:15Z","timestamp":1789017255000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0954579406060512\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,25]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0954579406060512"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0954579406060512","relation":{},"ISSN":["0954-5794","1469-2198"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0954-5794","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-2198","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,25]]}}}