{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T06:22:45Z","timestamp":1791094965638,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,25]],"date-time":"2007-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1177459200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dev Psychopathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    In this paper we outline our hypothesis that human intersubjective \nengagement entails identifying with other people. We tested a prediction \nderived from this hypothesis that concerned the relation between a \ncomponent of joint attention and a specific form of imitation. The \nempirical investigation involved \u201cblind\u201d ratings of videotapes \nfrom a recent study in which we tested matched children with and without \nautism for their propensity to imitate the self-\/other-orientated \naspects of another person's actions. The results were in keeping with \nthree a priori predictions, as follows: (a) children with autism \ncontrasted with control participants in spending more time looking at the \nobjects acted upon and less time looking at the tester; (b) participants \nwith autism showed fewer \u201csharing\u201d looks toward the tester, \nand although they also showed fewer \u201cchecking\u201d and \n\u201corientating\u201d looks, they were specifically less likely to \nshow\n                    <jats:italic>any<\/jats:italic>\n                    sharing looks; and, critically, (c) within each group, \nindividual differences in sharing looks (only) were associated with \nimitation of self\u2013other orientation. We suggest that the propensity \nto adopt the bodily anchored psychological stance of another person is \nessential to certain forms of joint attention and imitation, and that a \nweak tendency to identify with others is pivotal for the developmental \npsychopathology of autism.\n                    <jats:fn>\n                      <jats:p>This research was \nsupported by the Economic and Social Research Council (award reference \nR000239355), the Baily Thomas Charitable Foundation, and the Tavistock \nClinic, London (with NHS R&amp;D funding). The manuscript was completed \nwhile the authors were at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral \nSciences, Stanford. We are grateful to the staff, students, and parents at \nEdith Borthwick School, Helen Allison School, Springhallow School, and \nSwiss Cottage School for their generous involvement in this project; Dave \nWilliams, Valentina Levi, and Susana Cal\u00f3 for their assistance with \nratings of joint attention; and Tony Lee and Rosa Garc\u00eda \nP\u00e9rez for their many contributions to the research.<\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:fn>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0954579407070204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,6]],"date-time":"2008-06-06T03:22:03Z","timestamp":1212722523000},"page":"411-431","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":95,"title":["Identification: The missing link between joint attention and \nimitation?"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"JESSICA A.","family":"HOBSON","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. PETER","family":"HOBSON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref096","unstructured":"Schopler, E. , Reichler, R. J. , & Renner, B. R. (1988).The Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS).Los Angeles:Western Psychological."},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Landry, R. , & Bryson, S. E. (2004).Impaired disengagement of attention in young children withautism.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,45,1115\u20131122.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00304.x"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cicchetti, D. (1993).Developmental psychopathology: Reactions, reflections,projections.Developmental Review,13,471\u2013502.","DOI":"10.1006\/drev.1993.1021"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, I. M. , & Bryson, S. E. (1998).Gesture imitation in autism I: Nonsymbolic postures andsequences.Cognitive Neuropsychology,15,747\u2013770.","DOI":"10.1080\/026432998381087"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Griffith, E. M. , Pennington, B. F. , Wehner, E. A. , & Rogers, S. J. (1999).Executive functions in young children with autism.Child Development,70,817\u2013832.","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00059"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leekam, S. R. , Hunnisett, E. , & Moore, C. (1998).Targets and cues: Gaze-following in children with autism.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,39,951\u2013962.","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00398"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dawson, G. , Munson, J. , Estes, A. , Osterling, J. , McPartland, J. , & Toth, K. (2002).Neurocognitive function and joint attention ability in youngchildren with autism spectrum disorder versus developmental delay.Child Development,73,345\u2013358.","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00411"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref008","unstructured":"Beery, K. E. (1997).The Beery\u2013Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual\u2013MotorIntegration.Parsippany, NJ:Modern Curriculum Press."},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref052","unstructured":"Hobson, R. P. , & Meyer, J. A. (2007).Dissociable aspects of imitation and joint attention: A reappraisalthrough the study of autism.Unpublished manuscript."},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mundy, P. , & Neal, R. (2001).Neural plasticity, joint attention, and a transactionalsocial-orienting model of autism.International Review of Mental Retardation,23,139\u2013168.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7750(00)80009-9"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref034","unstructured":"Freud, S. (1955\/1921).Identification. In J. Strachey (Ed.),The standard edition of the complete psychological works of SigmundFreud(Vol. 18, pp.105\u2013110).London:Hogarth."},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Landis, J. R. , & Koch, G. G. (1977).The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data.Biometrics,33,159\u2013174.","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hornick, R. , & Gunnar, M. (1988).A descriptive analysis of infant social referencing.Child Development,59,626\u2013634.","DOI":"10.2307\/1130562"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, A. , Hobson, R. P. , & Chiat, S. (1994).I, you, me and autism: An experimental study.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,24,155\u2013176.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02172094"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bakeman, R. , & Adamson, L. (1984).Coordinating attention to people and objects in mother\u2013infantand peer\u2013infant interaction.Child Development,55,1278\u20131289.","DOI":"10.2307\/1129997"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leekam, S. R. , L\u00f3pez, B. , & Moore, C. (2000).Attention and joint attention in preschool children withautism.Developmental Psychology,36,261\u2013173.","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.36.2.261"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dapretto, M. , Davies, M. S. , Pfeifer, J. H. , Scott, A. A. , Sigman, M. , & Bookheimer, S. Y., et al.(2006).Understanding emotions in others: Mirror neuron dysfunction inchildren with autism spectrum disorders.Nature Neuroscience,9,28\u201330.","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1611"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams, J. H. G. , Whiten, A. , Suddendorf, T. , & Perrett, D. I. (2001).Imitation, mirror neurons and autism.Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews,25,287\u2013295.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(01)00014-8"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swettenham, J. , Baron-Cohen, S. , Charman, T. , Cox, A. , Baird, G. , Drew, A., et al.(1998).The frequency and distribution of spontaneous attention shiftsbetween social and non-social stimuli in autistic, typically-developing,and non-autistic developmentally delayed infants.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,39,747\u2013754.","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00373"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roeyers, H. , Van Oost, P. , & Bothuyne, S. (1998).Immediate imitation and joint attention in young children withautism.Development and Psychopathology,10,441\u2013450.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579498001680"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DeMyer, M. K. , Alpern, D. G. , Barton, S. , DeMyer, W. E. , Churchill, D. W. , Hingtgen, J. N., et al.(1972).Imitation in autistic, early schizophrenic, and non-psychoticsubnormal children.Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia,2,264\u2013287.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01537618"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomasello, M. (1999).The cultural origins of human cognition.Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press.","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674044371"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref061","unstructured":"Kugiamutsakis, G. (1998).Neonatal imitation in the intersubjective companion space.In S. Br\u00e5ten (Ed.),Intersubjective communication and emotion in early ontogeny(pp.63\u201388).Cambridge:Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref044","unstructured":"Hobson, R. P. (1993).Autism and the development of mind.Hove, Sussex:Erlbaum."},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Curcio, F. , & Piserchia, E. A. (1978).Pantomimic representation in psychotic children.Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia,8,181\u2013189.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01537867"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adamson, L. , & Bakeman, R. (1985).Affect and attention: Infants observed with mothers andpeers.Child Development,56,582\u2013593.","DOI":"10.2307\/1129748"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dawson, G. , Osterling, J. , Meltzoff, A. N. , & Kuhl, P. (2000).Case study of the development of an infant with autism from birth totwo years of age.Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology,21,299\u2013313.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-3973(99)00042-8"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hobson, R. P. (1989).On sharing experiences.Development and Psychopathology,1,197\u2013203.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400000390"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hobson, R. P. , Patrick, M. P. H. , Crandell, L. E. , Garc\u00eda-P\u00e9rez, R. M. ,& Lee, A. (2004).Maternal sensitivity and infant triadic communication.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,45,470\u2013480.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00238.x"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McArthur, D. , & Adamson, L. B. (1996).Joint attention in preverbal children: Autism and developmentallanguage disorder.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,26,481\u2013496.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02172271"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hobson, R. P. , Chidambi, G. , Lee, A. , & Meyer, J. A. (2006).Foundations for self-awareness: An exploration throughautism.Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development,71(Serial No. 284).","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5834.2006.00410.x"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartak, L. , Rutter, M. , & Cox, A. (1975).A comparative study of infantile autism and specific developmentalreceptive language disorder: I. The children.British Journal of Psychiatry,126,127\u2013145.","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.126.2.127"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref021","unstructured":"Cohen, J. , & Cohen, P. (1983).Applied multiple regression\/correlation analysis for thebehavioural sciences(2nd ed.).Hillsdale, NJ:Erlbaum."},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meltzoff, A. N. , & Moore, M. K. (1998b).Object representation, identity, and the paradox of earlypermanence.Infant Behavior and Development,21,200\u2013236.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-6383(98)90003-0"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref002","unstructured":"Adamson, L. B. (1995).Joint attention, affect, and culture. In C. Moore & P. J. Dunham (Eds.),Joint attention: Its origins and role in development (pp.205\u2013221).Hillsdale, NJ:Erlbaum."},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sigman, M. D. , Kasari, C. , Kwon, J. H. , & Yirmiya, N. (1992).Responses to the negative emotions of others by autistic, mentallyretarded, and normal children.Child Development,63,796\u2013807.","DOI":"10.2307\/1131234"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morgan, S. B. , Cutrer, P. S. , Coplin, J. W. , & Rodrigue, J. R. (1989).Do autistic children differ from retarded and normal children inPiagetian sensorimotor functioning? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,30,857\u2013864.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00287.x"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charney, R. (1981).Pronoun reversal errors in autistic children: Support for a socialexplanation.British Journal of Disorders of Communication,15,39\u201343.","DOI":"10.3109\/13682828009011369"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DiLavore, P. C. , Lord, C. , & Rutter, M. (1995).Pre-linguistic autism diagnostic schedule.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,25,355\u2013379.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02179373"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Field, T. M. , Woodson, R. , Greenberg, R. , & Cohen, D. (1982).Discrimination and imitation of facial expressions byneonates.Science,218,179\u2013181.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7123230"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref109","unstructured":"Trevarthen, C. , & Hubley, P. (1978).Secondary intersubjectivity: Confidence, confiding and acts ofmeaning in the first year. In A. Lock (Ed.),Action, gesture, and symbol: The emergence of language (pp.183\u2013229).London:Academic Press."},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref111","unstructured":"Werner, H. , & Kaplan, B. (1963).Symbol formation.Oxford:Wiley."},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charman, T. , Baron-Cohen, S. , Swettenham, J. , Baird, G. , Cox, A. , & Drew, A. (2000).Testing joint attention, imitation, and play as infancy precursorsto language and theory of mind.Cognitive Development,15,481\u2013498.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-2014(01)00037-5"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Landry, S. H. , & Loveland, K. A. (1988).Communication behaviors in autism and developmental languagedelay.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,29,621\u2013634.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1988.tb01884.x"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref010","unstructured":"Bruner, J. (1981).Learning how to do things with words. In J. Bruner & A. Garton (Eds.),Human growth and development.London:Oxford University Press."},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1992).A power primer.Psychological Bulletin,112,155\u2013159.","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.112.1.155"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref113","unstructured":"Whiten, A. , & Brown, J. (1998).Imitation and the reading of other minds: Perspectives from thestudy of autism, normal children, and non-human primates. In S. Br\u00e5ten (Ed.),Intersubjective communication and emotion in ontogeny: Asourcebook.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ohta, M. (1987).Cognitive disorders of infantile autism: A study employing the WISC,spatial relationship conceptualisation, and gesture imitation.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,17,45\u201362.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01487259"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref036","unstructured":"Gallese, V. (2001).The \u201cshared manifold\u201d hypothesis: From mirror neurons toempathy.Journal of Consciousness Studies,8,33\u201350."},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moses, L. J. , Baldwin, D. A. , Rosicky, J. G. , & Tidball, G. (2001).Evidence for referential understanding in the emotions domain attwelve and eighteen months.Child Development,72,718\u2013735.","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00311"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hammes, J. , & Langdell, T. (1981).Precursors of symbol formation and childhood autism.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,11,331\u2013346.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01531515"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leekam, S. , Baron-Cohen, S. , Perrett, D. , Milders, M. , & Brown, S. (1997).Eye-direction detection: A dissociation between geometric and jointattention skills in autism.British Journal of Developmental Psychology,15,77\u201395.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-835X.1997.tb00726.x"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref046","unstructured":"Hobson, R. P. (2002\/2004).The cradle of thought.London\/New York:Pan Macmillan\/Oxford University Press."},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jarrold, C. , Boucher, J. , & Russell, J. (1977).Language profiles in children with autism: Theoretical andmethodologcal implications.Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice,1,57\u201376.","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361397011007"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lockyer, L. , & Rutter, M. (1970).A five to fifteen year follow-up study of infantile psychosis: IV.Patterns of cognitive ability.British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology,9,152\u2013163.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8260.1970.tb00654.x"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bacon, A. L. , Fein, D. , Morris, R. , Waterhouse, L. , & Allen, D. (1998).Responses of autistic children to the distress of others.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,28,129\u2013142.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026040615628"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meltzoff, A. N. , & Moore, M. K. (1997).Imitation of facial and manual gestures by human neonates.Science,198,75\u201378.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.198.4312.75"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seibert, J. M. , Hogan, A. E. , & Mundy, P. C. (1982).Assessing interactional competencies: The Early Social CommunicationScales.Infant Mental Health Journal,3,244\u2013245.","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0355(198224)3:4<244::AID-IMHJ2280030406>3.0.CO;2-R"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hobson, R. P. (1990).On the origins of self and the case of autism.Development and Psychopathology,2,163\u2013181.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400000687"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minshew, N. J. , Meyer, J. , & Goldstein, G. (2002).Abstract reasoning in autism: A dissociation between conceptidentification and concept formation.Neuropsychology,16,327\u2013334.","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.16.3.327"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charman, T. , Swettenham, J. , Baron-Cohen, S. , Cox, A. , Baird, G. , & Drew, A. (1997).Infants with autism: An investigation of empathy, pretend play,joint attention, and imitation.Developmental Psychology,33,781\u2013789.","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.33.5.781"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref107","unstructured":"Tomasello, M. (1995).Joint attention as social cognition. In C. Moore & P. J. Dunham (Eds.),Joint attention: Its origins and role in development (pp.103\u2013130).Hillsdale, NJ:Erlbaum."},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Volkmar, F. R. , & Mayes, L. C. (1990).Gaze behavior in autism.Development and Psychopathology,2,61\u201369.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400000596"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref065","unstructured":"Laplanche, J. , & Pontalis, J. B. (1973).The language of psychoanalysis.London:Hogarth."},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sroufe, L. A. , & Rutter, M. (1984).The domain of developmental psychopathology.Child Development,55,17\u201329.","DOI":"10.2307\/1129832"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charman, T. , & Baron-Cohen, S. (1994).Another look at imitation in autism.Development and Psychopathology,6,403\u2013413.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400006015"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stone, W. L. , Ousley, O. Y. , & Littleford, C. D. (1997).Motor imitation in young children with autism: What's theobject? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,25,475\u2013485.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022685731726"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref076","unstructured":"Meltzoff, A. N. , & Moore, M. K. (1998a).Infant intersubjectivity: Broadening the dialogue to includeimitation, identity and intention. In S. Br\u00e5ten (Ed.),Intersubjective communication and emotion in early ontogeny(pp.47\u201362).Cambridge:Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meyer, J. A. , & Hobson, R. P. (2004).Orientation in relation to self and other: The case ofautism.Interaction Studies,5,221\u2013244.","DOI":"10.1075\/is.5.2.04mey"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rheingold, H. , Hay, D. , & West, M. (1976).Sharing in the second year of life.Child Development,83,898\u2013913.","DOI":"10.2307\/1128454"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frith, U. , Morton, J. , & Leslie, A. M. (1991).The cognitive basis of a biological disorder: Autism.Trends in Neurosciences,14,433\u2013438.","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(91)90041-R"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mundy, P. , & Sigman, M. (1989).The theoretical implications of joint-attention deficits inautism.Development and Psychopathology,1,173\u2013183.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400000365"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sorce, J. , Emde, R. N. , Campos, J. J. , & Klinnert, M. (1985).Maternal emotional signalling: Its effect on the visual cliffbehavior of 1-year-olds.Developmental Psychology,21,195\u2013200.","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.21.1.195"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beadle-Brown, J. D. , & Whiten, A. (2004).Elicited imitation in children and adults with autism: Is there adeficit? Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability,29,147\u2013163.","DOI":"10.1080\/13668250410001709494"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wimpory, D. C. , Hobson, R. P. , Williams, J. M. G. , & Nash, S. (2000).Are infants with autism socially engaged? A controlled study ofrecent retrospective parental reports.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,30,525\u2013536.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005683209438"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carpenter, M. , Nagell, K. , & Tomasello, M. (1998).Social cognition, joint attention, and communicative competence from9 to 15 months of age.Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development,63,1\u2013143.","DOI":"10.2307\/1166214"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mundy, P. (2003).Annotation: The neural basis of social impairments in autism: Therole of the dorsal medial\u2013frontal cortex and anterior cingulatesystem.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,44,793\u2013809.","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00165"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref045","unstructured":"Hobson, R. P. (2000).The grounding of symbols: A social\u2013developmentalaccount. In P. Mitchell & K. J. Riggs (Eds.),Children's reasoning and the mind (pp.11\u201335).Hove:Psychology Press."},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gallese, V. , & Goldman, A. (1998).Mirror neurons and the simulation theory of mind-reading.Trends in Cognitive Science,2,493\u2013501.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(98)01262-5"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hobson, R. P. , & Lee, A. (1999).Imitation and identification in autism.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,40,649\u2013659.","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00481"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reddy, V. , Williams, E. , & Vaughan, A. (2002).Sharing humour and laughter in autism and Down'ssyndrome.British Journal of Psychology,93,219\u2013242.","DOI":"10.1348\/000712602162553"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref003","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association .(1994).Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders(4th ed., rev.).Washington, DC:Author."},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref022","unstructured":"Cooley, C. H. (1902).Human nature and the social order.New York:Charles Scribner & Sons."},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref058","unstructured":"Kanner, L. (1943).Autistic disturbances of affective contact.Nervous Child,2,217\u2013250."},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref032","unstructured":"Dunn, L. M. , Dunn, L. , & Whetton, C. (1982).British Picture Vocabulary Scale.Windsor:NFER-Nelson."},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Russell, J. , & Jarrold, C. (1999).Memory for actions in children with autism: Self versusother.Cognitive Neuropsychiatry,4,303\u2013331.","DOI":"10.1080\/135468099395855"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mundy, P. (1995).Joint attention and social\u2013emotional approach behavior inchildren with autism.Development and Psychopathology,7,63\u201382.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400006349"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hughes, C. , & Russell, J. (1993).Autistic children's difficulty with mental disengagement froman object: Its implications for theories of autism.Developmental Psychology,29,498\u2013510.","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.29.3.498"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rogers, S. J. , Bennetto, L. , McEvoy, R. , & Pennington, B. F. (1996).Imitation and pantomime in high-functioning adolescents with autismspectrum disorders.Child Development,67,2060\u20132073.","DOI":"10.2307\/1131609"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Decety, J. , & Sommerville, J. (2003).Shared representations between self and other: A social cognitiveneuroscience view.Trends in Cognitive Sciences,7,527\u2013533.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2003.10.004"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campbell, J. (2002).Reference and consciousness.Oxford:Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/0199243816.001.0001"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heimann, M. , Ullstadius, E. , Dahlgren, S. O. , & Gillberg, C. (1992).Imitation in autism: A preliminary research note.Behavioural Neurology,5,219\u2013227.","DOI":"10.1155\/1992\/265416"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meltzoff, A. N. , & Brooks, R. (2001).\u201cLike me\u201d as a building block for understanding otherminds: Bodily acts, attention, and intention. In B. F. Malle (Ed.),Intentions and intentionality: Foundations for socialcognition (pp.171\u2013192).Cambridge, MA:MIT Press.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/3838.003.0013"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hobson, R. P. (2004).What puts the jointness in joint attention? In N. Eilan & C. Hoerl (Eds.),Joint attention.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199245635.003.0009"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dawson, G. , Hill, D. , Spencer, A. , Galpert, L. , & Watson, L. (1990).Affective exchanges between young autistic children and theirmothers.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,18,335\u2013345.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00916569"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref009","unstructured":"Br\u00e5ten, S. (1998).Infant learning by altercentric participation: The reverse ofegocentric observation in autism. In S. Br\u00e5ten (Ed.),Intersubjective communication and emotion in early ontogeny(pp.105\u2013126).Cambridge:Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ingersoll, B. , Schreibman, L. , & Tran, Q. H. (2003).Effect of sensory feedback on immediate object imitation in childrenwith autism.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,33,673\u2013683.","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JADD.0000006003.26667.f8"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slaughter, V. , & McConnell, D. (2003).Emergence of joint attention: Relationships between gaze following,social referencing, imitation, and naming in infancy.The Journal of Genetic Psychology,164,54\u201371.","DOI":"10.1080\/00221320309597503"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref072","unstructured":"Mead, G. H. (1934).Mind, self, and society from the standpoint of a socialbehaviorist.Chicago:University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wetherby, A. M. , & Prutting, C. A. (1984).Profiles of communicative and cognitive\u2013social abilities inautistic children.Journal of Speech and Hearing Research,27,364\u2013377.","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.2703.364"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oberman, L. M. , Hubbard, E. M. , McCleery, J. P. , Altschuler, E. L. , Ramachandran, V. S. , & Pineda, J. A. (2005).EEG evidence for mirror neuron dysfunction in autism spectrumdisorders.Cognitive Brain Research,24,190\u2013198.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogbrainres.2005.01.014"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carpenter, M. , Pennington, B. F. , & Rogers, S. J. (2002).Interrelations among social\u2013cognitive skills in young childrenwith autism.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,32,91\u2013106.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014836521114"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasari, C. , Sigman, M. , Mundy, P. , & Yirmiya, N. (1990).Affect sharing in the context of joint attention interactions ofnormal, autistic, and mentally retarded children.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,20,87\u2013100.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02206859"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dawson, G. , Meltzoff, A. N. , Osterling, J. , Rinaldi, J. , & Brown, E. (1998).Children with autism fail to orient to naturally occurring socialstimuli.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,28,479\u2013485.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026043926488"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carpenter, M. , Tomasello, M. , & Savage-Rumbaugh, S. (1995).Joint attention and imitative learning in children, chimpanzees, andenculturated chimpanzees.Social Development,4,217\u2013237.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9507.1995.tb00063.x"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klinnert, M. (1984).The regulation of infant behavior by maternal facialexpressions.Infant Behavior and Development,7,447\u2013465.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-6383(84)80005-3"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Striano, T. , & Rochat, P. (1999).Relation between dyadic and triadic social competence in 7- to10-month-old infants.British Journal of Developmental Psychology,17,551\u2013562.","DOI":"10.1348\/026151099165474"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hobson, R. P. , & Meyer, J. A. (2005).Interpersonal foundations for the self: The case of autism.Developmental Science,8,481\u2013491.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2005.00439.x"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rogers, S. J. , Hepburn, S. L. , Stackhouse, T. , & Wehner, E. (2003).Imitation performance in toddlers with autism and those with otherdevelopmental disorders.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,44,763\u2013781.","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00162"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref098","unstructured":"Sigman, M. D. , & Capps, L. (1997).Children with autism: A developmental perspective.Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press."},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mundy, P. , Sigman, M. D. , Ungerer, J. , & Sherman, T. (1986).Defining the social deficits of autism: The contribution ofnon-verbal communication measures.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,27,657\u2013669.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1986.tb00190.x"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mundy, P. , Kasari, C. , & Sigman, M. (1992).Nonverbal communication, affective sharing, andintersubjectivity.Infant Behavior and Development,15,377\u2013381.","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-6383(92)80006-G"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hobson, R. P. , & Lee, A. (1998).Hello and goodbye: A study of social engagement in autism.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,28,117\u2013126.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026088531558"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meltzoff, A. N. (1988).Infant imitation and memory: Nine-month-olds in immediate anddeferred tests.Child Development,59,217\u2013225.","DOI":"10.2307\/1130404"},{"key":"S0954579407070204_ref038","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-P\u00e9rez, R. M. , Lee, A. , & Hobson, R. P. (in press).On intersubjective engagement: A controlled study of nonverbalcommunication in autism.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders."}],"container-title":["Development and Psychopathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0954579407070204","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T05:18:38Z","timestamp":1789017518000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0954579407070204\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,4]]},"references-count":115,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0954579407070204"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0954579407070204","relation":{},"ISSN":["0954-5794","1469-2198"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0954-5794","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-2198","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,4]]}}}