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However, no previous study has examined the effects of parental imprisonment on children's internalizing problems using standardized instruments, appropriate comparison groups, and long-term follow-up. Using prospective longitudinal data from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development, we compared boys separated because of parental imprisonment during their first 10 years of life with four control groups: boys who did not experience separation, boys separated because of hospitalization or death, boys separated for other reasons (usually parental disharmony), and boys whose parents were only imprisoned before the boys' births. Individual, parenting, and family risk factors for internalizing problems were measured when boys were ages 8\u201311 years. Separation because of parental imprisonment predicted boys' internalizing problems from age 14 to 48, even after controlling for childhood risk factors including parental criminality. Separation because of parental imprisonment also predicted the co-occurrence of internalizing and antisocial problems. These results suggest that parental imprisonment might cause long-lasting internalizing and antisocial problems for children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0954579408000138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,23]],"date-time":"2008-01-23T12:22:11Z","timestamp":1201090931000},"page":"273-290","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":179,"title":["Parental imprisonment: Long-lasting effects on boys' internalizing problems through the life course"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Joseph","family":"Murray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David P.","family":"Farrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0954579408000138_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579404044530"},{"key":"S0954579408000138_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9133.2006.00404.x"},{"key":"S0954579408000138_ref13","volume-title":"The national prison survey 1991","author":"Dodd","year":"1992"},{"key":"S0954579408000138_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bjc\/41.1.22"},{"key":"S0954579408000138_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199604000-00011"},{"key":"S0954579408000138_ref18","first-page":"389","article-title":"Antisocial personality from childhood to adulthood","volume":"4","author":"Farrington","year":"1991","journal-title":"The Psychologist"},{"key":"S0954579408000138_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07418829300091701"},{"key":"S0954579408000138_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/352954"},{"key":"S0954579408000138_ref29","volume-title":"The origins and course of common mental disorders","author":"Goldberg","year":"2005"},{"key":"S0954579408000138_ref21","volume-title":"Criminal careers up to age 50 and life success up to age 48: New findings from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development","author":"Farrington","year":"2006"},{"key":"S0954579408000138_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-4163-9_27"},{"key":"S0954579408000138_ref36","first-page":"89","volume-title":"Children of incarcerated parents","author":"Kampfner","year":"1995"},{"key":"S0954579408000138_ref37","first-page":"21","volume-title":"Handbook of attachment: Theory, research and clinical applications","author":"Kobak","year":"1999"},{"key":"S0954579408000138_ref16","volume-title":"The causes and cures of neurosis","author":"Eysenck","year":"1965"},{"key":"S0954579408000138_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00332747.1977.11023929"},{"key":"S0954579408000138_ref25","volume-title":"The New Junior Maudsley Inventory manual","author":"Furneaux","year":"1966"},{"key":"S0954579408000138_ref70","volume-title":"Present conduct and future delinquency","author":"West","year":"1969"},{"key":"S0954579408000138_ref15","volume-title":"Crime and personality","author":"Eysenck","year":"1964"},{"key":"S0954579408000138_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511752872.003"},{"key":"S0954579408000138_ref52","first-page":"30","volume-title":"Effects of parental incarceration on young children","author":"Parke","year":"2002"},{"key":"S0954579408000138_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(02)00320-7"},{"key":"S0954579408000138_ref46","volume-title":"Incarcerated parents and their children","author":"Mumola","year":"2000"},{"key":"S0954579408000138_ref39","volume-title":"Profile of inmates in the United States and in England and Wales","volume":"1991","author":"Lynch","year":"1994"},{"key":"S0954579408000138_ref58","volume-title":"The family ties of English prisoners: The results of the Cambridge Project on Imprisonment and Family Ties","author":"Richards","year":"1994"},{"key":"S0954579408000138_ref60","volume-title":"Antisocial behavior by young people","author":"Rutter","year":"1998"},{"key":"S0954579408000138_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007125000161823","article-title":"Neuroticism, extraversion, life events and depression: The Cardiff Depression Study","volume":"181","author":"Farmer","year":"2002","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0954579408000138_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2005.01433.x"},{"key":"S0954579408000138_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400003102"},{"key":"S0954579408000138_ref6","volume-title":"Attachment and loss: Vol. I. 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