{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T21:54:51Z","timestamp":1791410091039,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":312,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,7]],"date-time":"2009-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1246924800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dev Psychopathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is more common among males and borderline PD (BPD) is more common among females, some authors have suggested that the two disorders reflect multifinal outcomes of a single etiology. This assertion is based on several overlapping symptoms and features, including trait impulsivity, emotional lability, high rates of depression and suicide, and a high likelihood of childhood abuse and\/or neglect. Furthermore, rates of ASPD are elevated in the first degree relatives of those with BPD, and concurrent comorbidity rates for the two disorders are high. In this article, we present a common model of antisocial and borderline personality development. We begin by reviewing issues and problems with diagnosing and studying PDs in children and adolescents. Next, we discuss dopaminergic and serotonergic mechanisms of trait impulsivity as predisposing vulnerabilities to ASPD and BPD. Finally, we extend shared risk models for ASPD and BPD by specifying genetic loci that may confer differential vulnerability to impulsive aggression and mood dysregulation among males and impulsive self-injury and mood dysregulation among females. Although the precise mechanisms of these sex-moderated genetic vulnerabilities remain poorly understood, they appear to interact with environmental risk factors including adverse rearing environments to potentiate the development of ASPD and BPD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0954579409000418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,7]],"date-time":"2009-07-07T13:14:13Z","timestamp":1246972453000},"page":"735-770","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":197,"title":["Multifinality in the development of personality disorders: A Biology \u00d7 Sex \u00d7 Environment interaction model of antisocial and borderline traits"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Theodore P.","family":"Beauchaine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel N.","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheila E.","family":"Crowell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Derbidge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Gatzke-Kopp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.34.5.970"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref274","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(99)00062-7"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.24.14494"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579405050455"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1992.72.1.165"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref309","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200101000-00022"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199903000-00006"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref190","first-page":"377","article-title":"Impulsive and callous traits are more strongly associated with delinquent behavior in higher risk neighborhoods among boys and girls","volume":"117","author":"Meier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref29","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prison statistics"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.9.929"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.15.4.319.19182"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-440X(92)90048-U"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.10.1911"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.110.4.610"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.151.4.568","article-title":"Concordance between patients and informants on the Personality Disorder Examination","volume":"151","author":"Riso","year":"1994","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref305","first-page":"135","article-title":"Childhood experience associated with the development of borderline personality disorder","volume":"182","author":"Zanarini","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychiatric Clinics of North America"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref297","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.5.952"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579405050522"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.65.1.93"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.20017"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-39602","article-title":"Methylphenidate down-regulates the dopamine receptor and transporter system in children with attention deficit hyperkinetic disorder","volume":"34","author":"Vles","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2005.02.001"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199902000-00020"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref278","volume-title":"Personality measures: Development and evaluation","volume":"1","author":"Tellegen","year":"1996"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1080\/21674086.1938.11925367","article-title":"Psychoanalytic investigation of and therapy in the border line group of neuroses","volume":"7","author":"Stern","year":"1938","journal-title":"Psychoanalytic Quarterly"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000457"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01324-0"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.148.10.1378","article-title":"Affective and impulsive personality disorder traits in the relatives of patients with borderline personality disorder","volume":"148","author":"Silverman","year":"1991","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref260","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/302562"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.8.1350"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref253","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579407000569"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref251","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2002.09.001"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.72.5.885"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X05000075"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref136","volume-title":"Object-relations theory and clinical psychoanalysis","author":"Kernberg","year":"1976"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2006.06.001"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2008.07071084"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(99)00020-7","article-title":"Association of a regulatory polymorphism in the promoter region of the MAO-A gene with antisocial alcoholism","volume":"86","author":"Rottmann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1220"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.111.1.144"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.57.5.636"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.6.895","article-title":"Continuities between psychiatric disorders in adolescents and personality disorders in young adults","volume":"152","author":"Rey","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","year":"1980"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00034"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199710000-00029"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1996.tb32508.x"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2007.164.6.929"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400004326"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-440X(86)90066-0"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1983.tb06729.x"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579405050431"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref229","first-page":"1342","article-title":"Hyperactivity in preschool children is highly heritable","volume":"40","author":"Price","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-4881-2_17"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1997.01830210083010"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015754122318"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2004.09.009"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.149.12.1645","article-title":"Problems and considerations in the valid assessment of personality disorders","volume":"149","author":"Perry","year":"1992","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2006.11.014"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref217","first-page":"139","volume-title":"The development and treatment of childhood aggression","author":"Patterson","year":"1991"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.09.008"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref214","volume-title":"Handbook of psychopathy","author":"Patrick","year":"2005"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref210","first-page":"71","volume-title":"Personality and psychopathology: Building bridges","author":"Oltmanns","year":"2006"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.114.1.140"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-4881-2_8"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref307","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2006.20.1.9"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2005.19.3.233"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579404044608"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref89","volume-title":"Unraveling juvenile delinquency","author":"Glueck","year":"1950"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(89)80017-X"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1998.78.1.189"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.05.037"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.59.1.113"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref270","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/01454455970212004"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145706006882"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-8606.2008.00079.x"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400007379"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.7.1.19"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YPG.0b013e3281ac237e"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/imhj.20173"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000856"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02196.x"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1991.01810320044007"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.48.1.371"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref161","first-page":"162","article-title":"Neuroimaging and genetics of borderline personality disorder: A review","volume":"32","author":"Lis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ypg.0000066963.66429.00"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref292","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370200601S05"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.10.1522"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.09.019"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.5.904"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.004"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.2.022305.095213"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref143","first-page":"3683","article-title":"Dissociation of reward anticipation and outcome with event-related fMRI","volume":"12","author":"Knutson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Imaging"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.16.6.523.22143"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref293","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.08.010"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579405050571"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref135","volume-title":"Borderline conditions and pathological narcissism","author":"Kernberg","year":"1975"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref141","first-page":"300","article-title":"Informant-reports of personality disorder: Relation to self-reports and future research directions","volume":"9","author":"Klonsky","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.1062"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291706007288"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.9.805"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0447.2000.102004265.x"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200102000-00009"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1614.2003.01263.x"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.115.2.309"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9798894550381","volume-title":"Self-injurious behaviors: Assessment and treatment","author":"Simeon","year":"2001"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.56.091103.070320"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref300","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.19.2.110.62628"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.10.1941"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2008.02047.x"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.132.1.1","article-title":"Defining borderline patients: An overview","volume":"132","author":"Gunderson","year":"1975","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref99","volume-title":"The neuropsychology of anxiety","author":"Gray","year":"2000"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-6566(87)90036-5"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X99002046","article-title":"Neurobiology of the structure of personality: Dopamine, facilitation of incentive motivation, and extraversion","volume":"22","author":"Depue","year":"2001","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref97","first-page":"171","volume-title":"Cognitive neurochemistry","author":"Gray","year":"1987"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref216","volume-title":"Coercive family process","author":"Patterson","year":"1982"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2004.07.019"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2004.05.004"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref283","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11292-005-3542-6"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.44.2.329"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref284","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.144009"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01904-2"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.115.1.75"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref109","first-page":"25","volume-title":"Criminal Justice and Behavior","volume":"23","author":"Hare","year":"1996"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.12.1073"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.106.027847"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.111.3.411"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1131592"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref160","volume-title":"Cognitive\u2013behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder","author":"Linehan","year":"1993"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0084275"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199209000-00001"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.2.295"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/j.1440-1614.2005.01679.x"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.Ob013e318172ef4b"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/CABN.6.1.53"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref280","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.11.1275"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.72.5.767"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145705005936"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2006.08.002"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579405050492"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1019816930615"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.5.883"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref310","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2007.21.6.664"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1988.tb01873.x"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref88","volume-title":"Vulnerability to psychopathology: Risk across the life span","author":"Geiger","year":"2001"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(99)80031-2"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1992.01820060009001"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511816840.007"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.10.941"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-440X(94)90170-8"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1072290"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.7.1328"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.82.4.610"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.533"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.18.1.71"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.17.5.373.22973"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref197","first-page":"49","volume-title":"Causes of conduct disorder and juvenile delinquency","author":"Moffitt","year":"2003"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref128","volume-title":"A developmental model of borderline personality disorder: Understanding variations in course and outcome","author":"Judd","year":"2003"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.148.11.1541","article-title":"A prospective follow-up study of so-called borderline children","volume":"148","author":"Lofgren","year":"1991","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn896"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref3","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","year":"2000"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.15.3.255.19208"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400001061"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000306516701500309"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199906000-00026"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.7.600"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15374424JCCP2903_10"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref138","first-page":"19","volume-title":"Basic issues in psychopathology","author":"Klein","year":"1993"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291707002024","article-title":"Heritability of borderline personality disorder features is similar across three countries","volume":"38","author":"Distel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref63","first-page":"84","volume-title":"Handbook of personality disorders: Theory, research, and treatment","author":"Dolan-Sewell","year":"2001"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.17.2.90.23987"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7792602"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-001-0014-1"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref273","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15427617rhd0103_5"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-440X(00)90049-X"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2007.01086.x"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref178","unstructured":"Lyons-Ruth K. , Holmes B. , & Hennighausen K. (2005). Prospective longitudinal predictors of borderline and conduct symptoms in late adolescence: The early caregiving context. Paper presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Atlanta, GA."},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.1995.9.3.213"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref296","first-page":"61","article-title":"Personality pathology in adolescence: A review","volume":"25","author":"Westen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0447.2000.102004256.x"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579408000369"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00139-5"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014521724498"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(01)00197-0"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v69n0404"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001615"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.61.10.1015"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref30","first-page":"429","volume-title":"Personality disorders in childhood and adolescence","author":"Burke","year":"2007"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref9","first-page":"931","volume-title":"Developmental psychopathology","author":"Beauchaine","year":"2006"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00421374"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2005.19.4.440"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300785"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.100.4.674"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.1.140"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.7.1052"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1990.01810170019003"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref254","first-page":"499","article-title":"Associations in the course of personality disorders and Axis I disorders over time","volume":"113","author":"Shea","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.12.1105"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(80)90062-2"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.120.2.209"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref108","volume-title":"Without conscience: The disturbing world of the psychopaths among us","author":"Hare","year":"1993"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.130.4.531"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.10079"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref257","first-page":"77","article-title":"Toward an empirically based classification of personality pathology","volume":"14","author":"Sheets","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2008.22.1.22"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref93","first-page":"134","volume-title":"Stimulant drugs and ADHD: Basic clinical neuroscience","author":"Grace","year":"2001"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2005.08.008"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.4.636"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-7358(94)90015-9"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref83","first-page":"180","volume-title":"Child and adolescent psychopathology","author":"Fryer","year":"2008"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.116.4.645"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1988.tb08549.x"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1987.01800180093014"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0b013e328010c827"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.140.6.695","article-title":"Assessing personality: Effects of the depressive state on trait measurement","volume":"140","author":"Hirschfeld","year":"1983","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.57.102904.190200"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2008.22.5.451"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.1989.3.3.217"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1990.01810190072010"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref244","first-page":"285","volume-title":"Psychiatric disorders in America: The Epidemiological Catchment Area Study","author":"Robins","year":"1991"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S095457949700148X"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref277","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.04.019"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2005.07.003"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.10.1529"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref142","first-page":"1","article-title":"Borderline states","volume":"17","author":"Knight","year":"1953","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Menninger Clinics"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref243","volume-title":"Deviant children grown up","author":"Robins","year":"1966"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref259","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199706000-00010"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.146.4.490","article-title":"Childhood trauma in borderline personality disorder","volume":"146","author":"Herman","year":"1989","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref269","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400004600"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.12.2011"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2626(03)00276-8"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00041444-200412000-00007"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref294","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.113.2.217"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579406060457"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.18.6.526.54798"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2006.163.6.1103"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref290","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.3.444"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2626(03)00014-9"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0196-81"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.76.1.15"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2008.22.3.246"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.00097"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579403000439"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579401002012"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/11285-000"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70146-5"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.71.6.727"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.1993.47"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(79)90053-2"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(96)00102-9"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/302561"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1996.01830110071009"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.1997.11.3.205"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref45","first-page":"20","volume-title":"Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders","author":"Cohen","year":"1987"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(97)00309-0"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.107.4.566"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref51","first-page":"341","volume-title":"Personality disorders in childhood and adolescence","author":"Crick","year":"2007"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.54.9.755"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref62","volume-title":"Deviant peer influences in programs for youth: Problems and solutions","author":"Dodge","year":"2006"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/chi.0b013e31815a5f17"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.115.2.221"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199712000-00024"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S095457940505039X"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.05.026"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref282","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/comp.2000.16560"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref81","first-page":"14","volume-title":"Handbook of psychopathy","author":"Fowles","year":"2006"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref87","first-page":"208","volume-title":"Child and adolescent psychopathology","author":"Gatzke-Kopp","year":"2008"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.1990.4.3.257"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref85","article-title":"Neurological correlates of reward responding in adolescents with and without externalizing behavior disorders","author":"Gatzke-Kopp","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.150.12.1832","article-title":"Psychopathology in the families of children and adolescents with borderline personality disorder","volume":"150","author":"Goldman","year":"1993","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579405050546"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref298","first-page":"8","article-title":"Family studies of borderline personality disorder: A review","volume":"11","author":"White","year":"2003","journal-title":"Harvard Review of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-440X(97)90032-8"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579405050479"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000092217"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.109.4.563"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref308","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.1989.3.1.10"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.106.3.529"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref2","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","year":"1980"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/comp.2001.26274"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref10","first-page":"129","volume-title":"Child and adolescent psychopathology","author":"Beauchaine","year":"2008"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950030061006"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820220033004"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1038\/358149a0","article-title":"Multiple dopamine D4 receptor variants in the human population","volume":"358","author":"Van Tol","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.62.2.71"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329170400354X"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.132.4.560"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref281","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291708002924"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref84","first-page":"239","volume-title":"Human behavior and the developing brain: Atypical development","author":"Gatzke-Kopp","year":"2007"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0196-78"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S095457940800031X"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.8.729"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301283"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(03)00636-X"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.160.5.643"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref279","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.84.2.290"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref302","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.105.009522"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref275","first-page":"7-1","volume-title":"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","author":"Swanson","year":"2002"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001504-200301000-00015"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.150.8.1237","article-title":"Prevalence and stability of the DSM-III-R personality disorders in a community-based survey of adolescents","volume":"150","author":"Bernstein","year":"1993","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2007.06010126"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015616"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref114","first-page":"370","volume-title":"Child and adolescent psychopathology","author":"Hiatt","year":"2008"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511816840.009"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.4.022007.141203"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.133.1.149"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref52","first-page":"510","volume-title":"Child and adolescent psychopathology","author":"Crowell","year":"2008"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00013a008"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref72","volume-title":"Vagotonia; A clinical study in negative neurology","author":"Eppinger","year":"1915"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-440X(94)90023-X"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(00)00047-0"},{"key":"S0954579409000418_ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674379804300202"}],"container-title":["Development and Psychopathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0954579409000418","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T19:18:10Z","timestamp":1739215090000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0954579409000418\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,7]]},"references-count":312,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0954579409000418"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0954579409000418","relation":{},"ISSN":["0954-5794","1469-2198"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0954-5794","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-2198","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,7]]}}}