{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T22:26:28Z","timestamp":1793831188487,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":139,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,14]],"date-time":"2009-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1255478400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dev Psychopathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Emotional instability and poor emotional awareness are cardinal features of the emotional dysregulation associated with borderline personality disorder (BPD). Most models of the development of BPD include child negative emotional reactivity and grossly inadequate caregiving (e.g., abuse, emotional invalidation) as major contributing factors. However, early childhood emotional reactivity and exposure to adverse family situations are associated with a diverse range of long-term outcomes. We examine the known effects of these risk factors on early childhood emotional functioning and their potential links to the emergence of chronic emotional instability and poor emotional awareness. This examination leads us to advocate new research directions. First, we advocate for enriching the developmental assessment of children's emotional functioning to more closely capture clinically relevant aspects. Second, we advocate for conceptualizing children's early family experiences in terms of the proximal emotional environment to which young children may be or become sensitive. Such approaches should contribute to our ability to identify risk for BPD and guide preventive intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0954579409990162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,14]],"date-time":"2009-10-14T14:16:54Z","timestamp":1255529814000},"page":"1293-1310","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Emotional instability, poor emotional awareness, and the development of borderline personality"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Pamela M.","family":"Cole","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra J.","family":"Llera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline K.","family":"Pemberton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00488"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.144009"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2007.21.5.457"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2005.10.011"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579497001417"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref92","volume-title":"Understanding child abuse and neglect","year":"1993"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2007.07071125"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref53","first-page":"103","article-title":"NMDA neurotransmission as a critical mediator of borderline personality disorder","volume":"32","author":"Grosjean","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579405050030"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2007.01012.x"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref4","first-page":"206","article-title":"A taxonomy of emotional disturbances","volume":"10","author":"Berenbaum","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2008.09.017"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400006374"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.95.2.131"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674379804300203"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327965pli0904_1"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00914268"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref97","volume-title":"Coercive family process","author":"Patterson","year":"1982"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/mpq.2005.0012"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2004.01.006"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref101","first-page":"189","volume-title":"Meeting the challenge of translational research in child psychology: Minnesota symposia on child psychology","volume":"35","author":"Pollak","year":"2009"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.96.2.94"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14616730701868589"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2007.21.6.664"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01173254"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820240075009"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref5","first-page":"55","volume-title":"The APSAC handbook on child maltreatment","author":"Berliner","year":"2002"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2302(2000)37:4<209::AID-DEV1>3.0.CO;2-S"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/imhj.20181"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2007.21.6.603"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579401002073"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.25.3.382"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199704000-00004"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref78","volume-title":"Cognitive\u2013behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder","author":"Linehan","year":"1993"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref54","first-page":"151","article-title":"Emotion regulation and mental health","volume":"2","author":"Gross","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref69","unstructured":"Kernberg O. F. (1975). Borderline conditions and pathological narcissism. New York: Aronson."},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.116.3.578"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0079020"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2004.00466.x"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579408000175"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0079175"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.58.110405.085605"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.101.3.432"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref31","volume-title":"Emotional development in young children","author":"Denham","year":"1998"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/014466507X173736"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(03)00636-X"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.110.1.3"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.48.2.376"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2005.01440.x"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.38.2.222"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.36.5.679"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015616"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.25.3.343"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref24","first-page":"516","volume-title":"Handbook of socialization","author":"Cole","year":"2006"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1080\/21674086.1938.11925367","article-title":"Borderline group of neuroses","volume":"7","author":"Stern","year":"1938","journal-title":"Psychoanalytic Quarterly"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579404044554"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1077-7229(05)80087-2"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.148.12.1647","article-title":"A psychobiological perspective on the personality disorders","volume":"148","author":"Siever","year":"1991","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.6.4.647"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp2704_2"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.44.4.1110"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012294324713"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref8","volume-title":"Affect regulation and the development of psychopathology","author":"Bradley","year":"2003"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15427617rhd0301_3"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nmd.0000198139.47371.54"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/suli.2006.36.3.313"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/comp.2003.50001"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(03)00050-2"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15374418309533152"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref13","volume-title":"Emotional development in atypical children","author":"Camras","year":"1996"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20110"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400006301"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jecp.1997.2412"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref20","volume-title":"The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI): A guide to its development and use","author":"Cloninger","year":"1994"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref22","first-page":"265","volume-title":"Developmental psychopathology","author":"Cole","year":"2008"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.1997.11.1.71"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1166139"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(02)00008-2"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.4.1.5"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J229v07n04_08"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.115.4.639"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2008.22.2.135"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.2.274"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.008"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref43","volume-title":"Affect regulation, mentalization, and the development of the self","author":"Fonagy","year":"2002"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.35.4.972"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/0048-5713-20020601-08"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref58","volume-title":"Children and emotion: The development of psychological understanding","author":"Harris","year":"1989"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2005.07.004"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.20.2.233.22263"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref49","first-page":"192","article-title":"Risk factors for and functions of deliberate self-harm: An empirical and conceptual review","volume":"10","author":"Gratz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2007.05.011"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2008.22.1.22"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.64.6.1152"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1131420"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref62","volume-title":"Trauma and recovery","author":"Herman","year":"1992"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579405050558"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref67","first-page":"418","article-title":"Emotion dysregulation as a risk factor for child psychopathology","volume":"7","author":"Keenan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-005-6041-7"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.22.4.427"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.5.784"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14616730600594450"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2008.22.4.313"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9507.2007.00389.x"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.04.020"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.32.6.1025"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9507.2007.00427.x"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.2.291"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.38.5.784"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579405050431"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01395-1"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015711"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579405050509"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2004.08.006"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2007.04.001"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref112","first-page":"99","volume-title":"Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development","author":"Rothbart","year":"2006"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.2.284"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.7.4.838"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559503254144"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2005.11.014"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9507.2007.00412.x","article-title":"Physical abuse, cognitive and emotional processes, and aggressive\/disruptive behavior problems","volume":"17","author":"Teisl","year":"2008","journal-title":"Social Development"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1166137"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0012532"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.1999.13.4.329"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.143.10.1293","article-title":"Long-term effects of incestuous abuse in childhood","volume":"143","author":"Herman","year":"1986","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579401004023","article-title":"Dimensions of child maltreatment and children's adjustment: Contributions of developmental timing and subtype","volume":"13","author":"Manly","year":"2001","journal-title":"Development and Psychopathology"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1131209"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01324-0"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820240059008"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291706009706"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0272431602239131"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2006.07.019"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref2","first-page":"153","volume-title":"Handbook of socialization: Theory and research","author":"Bates","year":"2007"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref18","volume-title":"Advances in clinical child psychology","volume":"11","author":"Cicchetti","year":"1988"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10673220490447218"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01326-4"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref73","first-page":"359","volume-title":"The regulation of emotion","author":"Kring","year":"2004"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400006738"},{"key":"S0954579409990162_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.95.1.15"}],"container-title":["Development and Psychopathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0954579409990162","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,17]],"date-time":"2024-03-17T03:45:07Z","timestamp":1710647107000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0954579409990162\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,14]]},"references-count":139,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0954579409990162"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0954579409990162","relation":{},"ISSN":["0954-5794","1469-2198"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0954-5794","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-2198","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,14]]}}}