{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:33:52Z","timestamp":1777595632138,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,28]],"date-time":"2010-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1272412800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dev Psychopathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Relations between political violence and child adjustment are matters of international concern. Past research demonstrates the significance of community, family, and child psychological processes in child adjustment, supporting study of interrelations between multiple social ecological factors and child adjustment in contexts of political violence. Testing a social ecological model, 300 mothers and their children (<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>= 12.28 years,<jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>= 1.77) from Catholic and Protestant working class neighborhoods in Belfast, Northern Ireland, completed measures of community discord, family relations, and children's regulatory processes (i.e., emotional security) and outcomes. Historical political violence in neighborhoods based on objective records (i.e., politically motivated deaths) were related to family members' reports of current sectarian antisocial behavior and nonsectarian antisocial behavior. Interparental conflict and parental monitoring and children's emotional security about both the community and family contributed to explanatory pathways for relations between sectarian antisocial behavior in communities and children's adjustment problems. The discussion evaluates support for social ecological models for relations between political violence and child adjustment and its implications for understanding relations in other parts of the world.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0954579410000143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,28]],"date-time":"2010-04-28T10:04:54Z","timestamp":1272449094000},"page":"405-418","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Testing a social ecological model for relations between political violence and child adjustment in Northern Ireland"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"E. Mark","family":"Cummings","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine E.","family":"Merrilees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alice C.","family":"Schermerhorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcie C.","family":"Goeke-Morey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Shirlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ed","family":"Cairns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:CCFP.0000006290.91429.75"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:CCFP.0000006292.61072.d2"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00210"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-8606.2008.00036.x"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03520300051036"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0165025408092219"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref77","volume-title":"Things I have seen and heard: A structured interview for assessing young children's violence exposure","author":"Richters","year":"1990"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0165025408090973"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.1018"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2005.12.004"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00916376"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref72","unstructured":"Police Service of Northern Ireland. (2007). Statistics on the security situation: 1st April 2006\u201331st March. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.psni.police.uk\/6_statistics_relating_to_the_security_situation.pdf"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0012792"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.44.2.329"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref67","first-page":"123","volume-title":"Researching the troubles: Social science perspectives on the Northern Ireland conflict","author":"Niens","year":"2003"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0044118X00032001002"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-6478.00167"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-005-1115-y"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.51.1.445"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9221.2007.00548.x"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref60","volume-title":"No war, no peace: Rejuvenating stalled peace processes and peace accords","author":"MacGinty","year":"2006"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00377310209517657"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref27","volume-title":"The effects of violence on peace processes","author":"Darby","year":"2001"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.56.1.37"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref7","first-page":"489","article-title":"Exposure to violence and post-traumatic stress disorder in urban adolescents","volume":"31","author":"Berton","year":"1996","journal-title":"Adolescence"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00600"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref24","volume-title":"Children, emotional security and marital conflict","author":"Cummings"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-4537.2004.00369.x"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref11","volume-title":"Caught in crossfire: Children in Northern Ireland","author":"Cairns","year":"1987"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00130"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref2","volume-title":"Amos 4.0 user's guide","author":"Arbuckle","year":"1999"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref36","volume-title":"The Cost of the Troubles Study. Report on the Northern Ireland Survey: The experience and impact of the Troubles","author":"Fay","year":"1999"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674028845","volume-title":"The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design","author":"Bronfenbrenner","year":"1979"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.19.2.189"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1129726"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref78","first-page":"243","volume-title":"The psychological effects of war and violence on children","author":"Richters","year":"1993"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref86","volume-title":"A report on young people's views and experiences in Northern Ireland. The Youthquest 2000 Survey","author":"Smyth","year":"2000"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref38","volume-title":"Children in danger: Coping with the consequences of community violence","author":"Garbarino","year":"1992"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872678403701206"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.7.4.422"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-4537.2004.00366.x"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref15","unstructured":"Campbell A. , Merrilees C. E. , Cummings E. M. , Goeke-Morey M. C. , Schermerhorn A. C. , & Cairns E . (2008). Inter and intra-group conflict in post cease-fire Northern Ireland. Manuscript submitted for publication."},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00302"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref30","article-title":"Child emotional security and interparental conflict","volume":"67","author":"Davies","year":"2002","journal-title":"Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:CCFP.0000006291.10180.bd"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref5","volume-title":"Psychological effects of war and violence on children","author":"Bat-Zion","year":"1993"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref28","volume-title":"Violence and reconstruction","author":"Darby","year":"2006"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-3200.17.3.327"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:CCFP.0000006294.88201.68"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2006.00861.x"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.92.2.310"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:CCFP.0000006296.19932.c3"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199502000-00015"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1131401"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.107.2.238"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(97)80131-0"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref82","volume-title":"Belfast: Segregation, violence and the city","author":"Shirlow","year":"2006"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02511881"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407507081463"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref1","volume-title":"Integrative guide for the 1991 CBCL\/4\u201318, YSR and TRF profiles","author":"Achenbach","year":"1991"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref50","first-page":"76","volume-title":"Anxiety disorders in African Americans","author":"Jenkins","year":"1994"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00423"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400007008"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(08)80011-7"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(89)90213-X"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref54","volume-title":"The psychological effects of war and violence on children","author":"Leavitt","year":"1993"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.21.3.495"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S095457949800159X"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021800432380"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref3","unstructured":"Attar B. K. , & Guerra N. G . (1994). The effects of cumulative violence exposure on children living in urban neighborhoods. Paper presented at the American Psychological Society Convention, Washington, DC."},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref4","unstructured":"Barber B . (2004, March). Meaning makers: Adolescent soldiers, victims, and freedom fighters. Invited address presented at the meeting of the Society for Research on Adolescence, Baltimore, MD."},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118619179"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref10","first-page":"136","volume-title":"Testing structural equation models","author":"Browne","year":"1993"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref12","volume-title":"Children and political violence","author":"Cairns","year":"1996"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/9781403919823"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00332747.1993.11024624"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1131344"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.38.2.179"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00003"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(03)80035-7"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref40","article-title":"The differential impact on children of inter- and intra-community violence in Northern Ireland","author":"Goeke-Morey","journal-title":"Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref43","first-page":"17","article-title":"Comparing the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and the Child Behavior Checklist: Is small beautiful?","volume":"27","author":"Goodman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579498001539"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.108.2.267"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1520-6629(200011)28:6<571::AID-JCOP3>3.0.CO;2-Q"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref49","volume-title":"Peacelines or battlefields? Responding to violence in interface areas","author":"Jarman","year":"2000"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref53","first-page":"669","article-title":"A developmental\u2013contextual perspective on youth covictimization by community violence","volume":"34","author":"Kuther","year":"1999","journal-title":"Adolescence"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref56","article-title":"Conflict, conflict resolution, and the children of Northern Ireland: Towards understanding the impact on children and families","volume":"21","author":"Lovell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Joan B. Kroc Institute Occasional Paper Series"},{"key":"S0954579410000143_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1545-5300.2002.41314.x"}],"container-title":["Development and Psychopathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0954579410000143","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]],"date-time":"2024-03-26T04:09:41Z","timestamp":1711426181000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0954579410000143\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,28]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0954579410000143"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0954579410000143","relation":{},"ISSN":["0954-5794","1469-2198"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0954-5794","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-2198","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,28]]}}}