{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T03:57:41Z","timestamp":1771473461164,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,18]],"date-time":"2011-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1303084800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dev Psychopathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study prospectively examined the effect of intimate partner violence (IPV) on adrenocortical reactivity and recovery during early childhood. The sample (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 1102 mother\u2013infant dyads; 49.2% male) was racially diverse and from predominantly low-income, rural communities. To measure IPV exposure mothers completed the Conflicts Tactics Scale, and her caretaking behaviors were observed when her child was approximately 7, 15, and 24 months of age. Children's saliva samples, later assayed for cortisol, were collected around challenge tasks designed to elicit emotional reactivity. IPV was related to a trajectory of increased cortisol reactivity from infancy to toddlerhood. By contrast, the trajectory for non-IPV-exposed children decreased in cortisol reactivity across 7 to 24 months of age. At the 24-month assessment, on average, toddlers did not exhibit a cortisol reaction; however, those exposed to high levels of violence continued to have reactivity. Accumulative levels of IPV across the first 2 years of life predicted cortisol reactivity at 24 months of age. Early (7-month) sensitive maternal behavior moderated this relationship, so that only children exposed to both early insensitivity and high accumulated IPV exhibited increased reactivity at the 24-month assessment. Findings are discussed in relation to the risky family framework.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0954579411000010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,18]],"date-time":"2011-04-18T09:01:51Z","timestamp":1303117311000},"page":"689-701","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Maternal sensitivity buffers the adrenocortical implications of intimate partner violence exposure during early childhood"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Leah C.","family":"Hibel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Douglas A.","family":"Granger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clancy","family":"Blair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martha J.","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"The Family Life Project Key Investigators","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10257-000"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06138.x"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.43.4.918"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.081072698"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2009.05.007"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S095457940100311X"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-2089K"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref49","volume-title":"The Laboratory Temperament Assessment Battery (Lab-TAB)","author":"Goldsmith","year":"1988"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471264385.wei0605"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-200204000-00007"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0355(200001\/04)21:1\/2<67::AID-IMHJ8>3.0.CO;2-2"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref94","first-page":"85","article-title":"A multivariate technique for multiply imputing missing values using a sequence of regression models","volume":"27","author":"Raghunathan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Survey Methodology"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.31.3.448"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579408000357"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.20336"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1131479"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.40.1.81"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0193841X9301700202"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-008-9263-3"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref98","volume-title":"The context of youth violence: Resilience, risk, and protection","author":"Richman","year":"2001"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.420280804"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2005.09.001"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08103.x"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref67","volume-title":"Shattered assumptions: Towards a new psychology of trauma","author":"Janoff-Bulman","year":"1992"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref1","first-page":"264","volume-title":"Human behavior and the developing brain: Atypical development","author":"Adam","year":"2007"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref65","volume-title":"Children of battered women","author":"Jaffe","year":"1990"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02691093"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1997.00440400111013"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2302(199604)29:3<191::AID-DEV1>3.0.CO;2-M"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579404004705"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.25.4.490"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2008.12.006"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400004466"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107780129952003"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.130.3.355"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2008.01235.x"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(85)90196-9"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/016502549201500203"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579401003133"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.128.2.330"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref77","first-page":"101","volume-title":"International handbook of social anxiety: Concepts, research, and interventions relating to the self and shyness","author":"Lewis","year":"2001"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1132272"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.59.2.258"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579404004766"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1376.030"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.37.4.502"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref48","volume-title":"The violent home","author":"Gelles","year":"1974"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2005.00418.x"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.57.3.453"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1131401"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2009.02.010"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579401001067"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-007-9127-2"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-199509000-00009"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2008.01228.x"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.40.4.477"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1602780"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref32","volume-title":"Relationships within families: Mutual influences","author":"Easterbrooks","year":"1988"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref114","volume-title":"Adaptation and natural selection","author":"Williams","year":"1966"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.20.2.315"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15295190701830672"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-3200.11.2.152"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-3200.9.1.69"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400004673"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/imhj.20048"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2007.01818.x"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-3200.15.2.163"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.40.6.1105"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.108.2.267"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2007.06.004"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1992.03480090092034"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1130929"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.44.4.1095"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3729.2000.00025.x"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2004.00698.x"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1197\/j.aem.2005.12.020"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1376.031"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref14","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Attachment in the preschool years","author":"Cicchetti","year":"1990"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-3200.14.1.80"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref45","first-page":"105","volume-title":"Hormones, health, and behavior","author":"Flinn","year":"1999"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref105","first-page":"290","volume-title":"Sociological methodology 1982","author":"Sobel","year":"1982"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1130538"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/016502598384135"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-3200.20.1.30"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.21.3.495"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.89.7.1072"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016323"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.116.3.387"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.20319"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0355(199023)11:3<218::AID-IMHJ2280110304>3.0.CO;2-1"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-3200.13.4.610"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2214.2006.00637.x"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.58.110405.085605"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2008.01219.x"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp3401_12"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.420220304"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00621"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-3200.20.2.227"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/pmed.1998.0293"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-037701-5.50010-6"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01506.x"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/019251396017003001"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref21","first-page":"543","article-title":"Responses of children and adolescents to interadult anger as a function of gender, age, and mode of expression","volume":"37","author":"Cummings","year":"1991","journal-title":"Merrill\u2013Palmer Quarterly"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2270481"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1131511"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00064955"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref2","volume-title":"Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions","author":"Aiken","year":"1991"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.7.2.147"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2007.05.001"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/353564"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref40","first-page":"1","article-title":"Marital conflict and children's externalizing behavior: Interactions between parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system activity","volume":"74","author":"El-Sheikh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Monographs of the Society for the Research in Child Development"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.420270702"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06195.x"},{"key":"S0954579411000010_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0165025407074634"}],"container-title":["Development and Psychopathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0954579411000010","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,27]],"date-time":"2019-04-27T08:52:18Z","timestamp":1556355138000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0954579411000010\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,18]]},"references-count":115,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0954579411000010"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0954579411000010","relation":{},"ISSN":["0954-5794","1469-2198"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0954-5794","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-2198","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,18]]}}}