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The present study examined the role of an interleukin 1B gene (<jats:italic>IL1B<\/jats:italic>) variant in preschoolers exposed to maltreatment and other forms of adversity in internalizing symptom development. One hundred ninety-eight families were enrolled, with one child (age 3\u20135 years) from each family. Adversity measures included child protective service documentation of moderate\u2013severe maltreatment in the last 6 months and interview-assessed contextual stressors. Internalizing symptoms were measured using the Child Behavior Checklist and the Diagnostic Infant and Preschool Assessment. Maltreated children had higher major depressive disorder (MDD) and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and marginally higher internalizing symptoms on the Child Behavior Checklist. Controlling for age, sex, and race,<jats:italic>IL1B<\/jats:italic>genotype was associated with MDD symptoms (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>= .002). Contextual stressors were significantly associated with MDD and posttraumatic stress disorder and marginally with internalizing symptoms. The<jats:italic>IL1B<\/jats:italic>genotype interacted with contextual stress such that children homozygous for the minor allele had more MDD symptoms (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>= .045). These results suggest that genetic variants of<jats:italic>IL1B<\/jats:italic>may modulate the development of internalizing symptoms in the face of childhood adversity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0954579414001023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,25]],"date-time":"2014-11-25T13:55:39Z","timestamp":1416923739000},"page":"1277-1287","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Interleukin 1B gene (<i>IL1B<\/i>) variation and internalizing symptoms in maltreated preschoolers"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Kathryn K.","family":"Ridout","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie H.","family":"Parade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Seifer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence 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