{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T14:28:03Z","timestamp":1790692083149,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4pt2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,25]],"date-time":"2014-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1416873600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dev Psychopathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The current study filled significant gaps in our knowledge of developmental psychopathology by examining the influence of multilevel risk factors and developmental assets on longitudinal trajectories of internalizing symptoms and self-esteem in an exceptionally culturally diverse sample of rural adolescents. Integrating ecological and social capital theories, we explored if positive microsystem transactions are associated with self-esteem while negative microsystem transactions increase the chances of internalizing problems. Data came from the Rural Adaptation Project, a 5-year longitudinal panel study of more than 4,000 middle school students from 28 public schools in two rural, disadvantaged counties in North Carolina. Three-level hierarchical linear modeling models were estimated to predict internalizing symptoms (e.g., depression, anxiety) and self-esteem. Relative to other students, risk for internalizing problems and low self-esteem was elevated for aggressive adolescents, students who were hassled or bullied at school, and those who were rejected by peers or in conflict with their parents. Internalizing problems were also more common among adolescents from socioeconomically disadvantaged families and neighborhoods, among those in schools with more suspensions, in students who reported being pressured by peers, and in youth who required more teacher support. It is likely that these experiences left adolescents disengaged from developing social capital from ecological microsystems (e.g., family, school, peers). On the positive side, support from parents and friends and optimism about the future were key assets associated with lower internalizing symptoms and higher self-esteem. Self-esteem was also positively related to religious orientation, school satisfaction, and future optimism. These variables show active engagement with ecological microsystems. The implications and limitations were discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0954579414001163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,25]],"date-time":"2014-11-25T13:55:39Z","timestamp":1416923739000},"page":"1495-1513","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Multilevel risk factors and developmental assets for internalizing symptoms and self-esteem in disadvantaged adolescents: Modeling longitudinal trajectories from the Rural Adaptation Project"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Paul R.","family":"Smokowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shenyang","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roderick","family":"Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline B. R.","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie L.","family":"Cotter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martica","family":"Bacallao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032793"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.111.4.578"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/352776"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.128.3.371"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pits.20607"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-012-0342-x"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2224\/sbp.1997.25.3.277"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024596313925"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref111","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2011, April). The NSDUH Report: Major depressive episode and treatment among adolescents\u20142009. Retrieved from http:\/\/oas.samhsa.gov\/2k11\/009\/AdolescentDepressionHTML.pdf"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005276905961"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-7795.2010.00708.x"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2006.08.002"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref87","volume-title":"Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods","author":"Raudenbush","year":"2002"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028866"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0165025408090970"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024649925737"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-1971(92)90030-9"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0022-4537.00225"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2011.03.033"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-007-9154-1"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref100","first-page":"735","article-title":"Bullying and victimization: Prevalence and relationship to gender, grade level, ethnicity, self-esteem, and depression","volume":"38","author":"Seals","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adolescence"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0739986306293999"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jaba.1979.12-691"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.54.3.271"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200109000-00018"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref112","first-page":"925","article-title":"Sources of stress for students in high school college preparatory and general education program: Group differences and association with adjustment","volume":"44","author":"Suldo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adolescence"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10888690903288755"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2786678"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2006.00950.x"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/105345129703200402"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.158.8.760"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.24.1.1"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-008-9368-6"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.21948"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1385378"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1045-3830.23.4.496"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400876136"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.1010"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2010.05.017"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15388220801955604"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2005.10.012"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0161-4681.00127"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15298861003794538"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015089304006"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11482-006-9001-3"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0956-7976.2005.01535.x"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/S0022-3476(03)00456-6"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jado.1996.0077"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2008.10.019"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027154"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0003684042000266856"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref22","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013). Youth risk behavior surveillance system. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/HealthyYouth\/yrbs\/index.htm"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref21","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). School connectedness. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/healthyyouth\/adolescenthealth\/connectedness.htm"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02233968"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2673158"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref119","unstructured":"US Department of Justice, Office for Victims of Crime, Office of Justice Programs. (2001). Rural victim assistance: A victim\/witness guide for rural prosecutors (NCJ No. 21106). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ojp.usdoj.gov\/ovc\/publications\/infores\/rural_victim_assistance\/pfv.html"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.319.7206.348"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/swr\/27.1.19"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref13","first-page":"241","volume-title":"Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education","author":"Bourdieu","year":"1986"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1130747"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12018"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.59.10.893"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579406060093"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref55","article-title":"Normative changes in ethnic and American identities and links with adjustment among Asian American adolescents","author":"Kiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2008.01979.x"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674028845","volume-title":"The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design","author":"Bronfrenbrenner","year":"1979"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10508610701402259"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327582IJPR1102_03"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032323"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002214650504600203"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4560.1995.tb01328.x"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2004.11.017"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/09654289810199829"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref16","volume-title":"The reliability and validity of the School Success Profile","author":"Bowen","year":"2005"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref15","volume-title":"The School Success Profile","author":"Bowen","year":"2008"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-005-9009-4"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref132","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","year":"2013"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-008-9245-7"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref70","unstructured":"National Survey of Children's Health. (2007). Data query from child and adolescent health measurement initiative. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.childhealthdata.org"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref8","first-page":"89","article-title":"Self-esteem and religiosity: Comparison of 13- to 15-year-old students in Catholic and public junior high schools","volume":"22","author":"Bagley","year":"1997","journal-title":"Canadian Society for the Study of Education"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-1971(91)90044-R"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/228943"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027032"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-006-0035-4"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119013563"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref84","volume-title":"Status of education in rural America (NCES 2007\u2013040)","author":"Provasnik","year":"2007"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref18","volume-title":"International Encyclopedia of Education","author":"Bronfrenbrenner","year":"1994"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10560-012-0254-4"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579403000075"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2010.01556.x"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1359104500005004010"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1943-278X.2012.00127.x"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2004.05.005"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref40","first-page":"1844","article-title":"The public health impact of socioeconomic status on adolescent depression and obesity","volume":"93","author":"Goodman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adolescent Health"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref1","volume-title":"Manual for ASEBA school-age forms and profiles","author":"Achenbach","year":"2001"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.03.007"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199611000-00011"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.6.715","article-title":"Prevalence of psychopathology among children and adolescents","volume":"155","author":"Roberts","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/352871"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/vivi.19.6.689.66342"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref47","volume-title":"Good teaching matters: How well-qualified teachers can close the gap","author":"Haycock","year":"1998"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2224\/sbp.2009.37.4.555"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.102.3.357"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-3588.2011.00637.x"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3729.2000.00063.x"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003727-200207000-00007"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03550100049038"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0273-2297(91)90002-6"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0143034311427433"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2009.01360.x"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00228.x"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01538736"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp3401_5"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02087937"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cs\/27.2.101"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-011-9672-4"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00040"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14507\/epaa.v12n42.2004"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5172\/conu.2010.34.2.190"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543072001031"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-007-9147-7"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref42","volume-title":"Econometric analysis","author":"Greene","year":"2003"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029680"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.42.2.381"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543059002117"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/000709905X49890"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0002831211416344"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1754730X.2009.9715694"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15381500903417646"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref52","volume-title":"Deviant behavior in defense of the self","author":"Kaplan","year":"1980"},{"key":"S0954579414001163_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp3401_3"}],"container-title":["Development and Psychopathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0954579414001163","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T20:54:54Z","timestamp":1747169694000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0954579414001163\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"references-count":132,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4pt2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0954579414001163"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0954579414001163","relation":{},"ISSN":["0954-5794","1469-2198"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0954-5794","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-2198","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]}}}